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The Role of Customary Rules and Principles of International Environmental Law in the Protection of Shared International Freshwater Resources

机译：习惯规则和国际环境法原则在保护国际淡水资源共享中的作用

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摘要

Notwithstanding the recent elaboration of a number of global and regional conventional instruments expressly concerned with the environmental protection of international watercourses, certain rules and principles of customary international law have developed in recent decades that continue to have a significant role to play in this regard. In recent years, debate has raged over the precise legal status and normative content of many international environmental norms and principles, some of which are often assumed to enjoy binding force in customary international law. While some commentators characterise these norms as "declarative" rather than customary law, suggesting that their usefulness may be limited in relation to third-party dispute settlement by courts and arbitral tribunals, this characterisation possibly ignores the fact that such norms have an important role to play in terms of voluntary compliance and in terms of bilateral and multilateral negotiations. Further, certain international environmental norms contained in treaty instruments, though declaratory in nature, can be expected to play a significant role in informing the rules and principles, in particular those relating to the equitable and reasonable utilisation of watercourses and the prevention of significant harm to other watercourse States. More specifically, trends identified both in the treaty practice of States and in soft law guidelines defined by international institutions can be taken into consideration to define more concretely the material contents of "due diligence." Of course, the consistent inclusion of normative rules and principles in the declarations and resolutions of international organisations contributes significantly to the process of custom generation. This process might be expected to have made a particularly significant contribution to the development of international environmental law where the use of soft law declaratory instruments has been so widespread. The single most important source of rules and principles that may have crystallised into generally binding norms of customary international environmental law is the accumulated corpus of relevant multilateral and bilateral treaty provisions, many of which contain elaborate environmental rules. In turn, the inclusion of certain rules and principles in treaties must greatly enhance their status as established or emerging rules of general customary law. This article outlines the results of an extensive survey of international conventions and soft law instruments, State, judicial and arbitral practice, and academic commentary relating to the normative development and substantive content of each of these purported customary environmental rules and principles and to their application in the area of shared freshwater resources. Ultimately, it aims to highlight the role of such rules and principles in ensuring, by means of their detailed elaboration and normative sophistication, that an appropriate weighting is allocated to considerations of environmental protection in determining an equitable regime for the utilisation of shared international water resources under well-established rules of international water law.
机译：尽管最近拟定了一些明确涉及国际水道环境保护的全球和区域常规文书，但近几十年来制定了习惯国际法的某些规则和原则，并在这方面继续发挥着重要作用。近年来，人们对许多国际环境规范和原则的确切法律地位和规范内容进行了激烈的辩论，其中一些习惯于国际习惯法被假定具有约束力。尽管一些评论员将这些规范描述为“声明性”而非习惯法，但暗示它们在法院和仲裁庭解决第三方争端方面的作用可能受到限制，但这种描述可能忽略了这样的事实：在自愿遵守方面以及在双边和多边谈判方面发挥作用。此外，条约文书中所载的某些国际环境规范尽管具有声明性质，但可望在告知规则和原则方面发挥重要作用，特别是与公平合理利用水道和防止对海洋造成重大损害有关的规则和原则。其他河道国。更具体地说，可以考虑在国家的条约惯例和国际机构定义的软法准则中确定的趋势，以更具体地定义“尽职调查”的实质内容。当然，在国际组织的宣言和决议中始终如一地纳入规范性规则和原则，对促进习俗的产生作出了重大贡献。可以预料，这一过程将对国际环境法的发展做出特别重要的贡献，因为软法声明工具的使用已经如此广泛。可能已形成习惯国际环境法一般具有约束力的规范的规则和原则的最重要的单一来源是相关多边和双边条约规定的累积语料，其中许多含有详尽的环境规则。反过来，在条约中纳入某些规则和原则必须大大提高其作为一般习惯法既定或新兴规则的地位。本文概述了对国际公约和软法文书，国家，司法和仲裁惯例以及有关这些所谓的习惯性环境规则和原则中每一项的规范发展和实质内容的学术评论的广泛调查的结果。共享淡水资源的面积。最终，它的目的是强调这些规则和原则的作用，通过详细阐述和规范完善确保在确定公平利用国际共享水资源的制度时，对环境保护的考虑分配适当的权重根据公认的国际水法规则。

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  • 来源
    《Natural Resources Journal》 |2006年第1期|p.157-210|共54页
  • 作者

    OWEN McINTYRE;

  • 作者单位

    Faculty of Law, University College Cork, National University of Ireland;

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  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 法律;
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