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Trans-Neptunian binaries as evidence for planetesimal formation by the streaming instability

机译：海王星双星作为流不稳定性形成行星的证据

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摘要

A critical step toward the emergence of planets in a protoplanetarydisk is the accretion of planetesimals, bodies 1–1,000 kmin size, from smaller disk constituents. This process is poorlyunderstood, partly because we lack good observational constraintson the complex physical processes that contributeto planetesimal formation. In the outer Solar System, thebest place to look for clues is the Kuiper belt, where icy planetesimalssurvive to this day. Here we report evidence thatKuiper belt planetesimals formed by the streaming instability,a process in which aerodynamically concentrated clumpsof pebbles gravitationally collapse into 100-kilometre-classbodies. Gravitational collapse has previously been suggestedto explain the ubiquity of equal-sized binaries in the Kuiperbelt. We analyse new hydrodynamical simulations of thestreaming instability to determine the model expectations forthe spatial orientation of binary orbits. The predicted broadinclination distribution with approximately 80% of progradebinary orbits matches the observations of trans-Neptunianbinaries. The formation models that imply predominantlyretrograde binary orbits (for example, ref.) can be ruled out.Given its applicability over a wide range of protoplanetarydisk conditions, it is expected that the streaming instabilityalso seeded planetesimal formation elsewhere in the SolarSystem, and beyond.
机译：行星在原行星盘中出现的关键步骤是从较小的盘成分中吸出1至1,000公里长的小行星。人们对这一过程的理解很差，部分原因是我们对构成行星小行星形成的复杂物理过程缺乏良好的观测约束。在外太阳系中，寻找线索的最佳地点是柯伊伯带，直到今天，这里都是冰冷的小行星生存的地方。在这里，我们报告有证据表明，柯伊伯带小行星是由流动不稳定性形成的，在该过程中，空气动力集中的卵石块在重力作用下坍塌成100公里的类物体。以前曾有人提出引力坍塌来解释在柯伊伯特带中等大小双星的普遍性。我们分析了流不稳定性的新流体动力学模拟，以确定对二元轨道空间方向的模型期望。预测的大约80％的前进二进制轨道的广角分布与反海王星双星的观测结果相符。可以排除暗示主要逆行的二元轨道的形成模型（例如参考文献），鉴于其在广泛的原行星盘条件下的适用性，预计流动的不稳定性也将在太阳系其他地方以及其他地方播种行星形成。

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  • 来源
    《Nature Astronomy》 |2019年第9期|808-812|共5页
  • 作者

    David Nesvorný; Rixin Li; Andrew N. Youdin; Jacob B. Simon; William M. Grundy;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Space Studies Southwest Research Institute Boulder CO USA;

    Steward Observatory & Department of Astronomy University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA;

    Department of Space Studies Southwest Research Institute Boulder CO USA JILA University of Colorado Boulder CO USA;

    Lowell Observatory Flagstaff AZ USA;

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