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A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria

机译：非尾部dsDNA病毒的主要谱系是无法识别的海洋细菌杀手

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The most abundant viruses on Earth are thought to be double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that infect bacteria(1). However, tailed bacterial dsDNA viruses (Caudovirales), which dominate sequence and culture collections, are not representative of the environmental diversity of viruses(2,3). In fact, non-tailed viruses often dominate ocean samples numerically4, raising the fundamental question of the nature of these viruses. Here we characterize a group of marine dsDNA non-tailed viruses with short 10-kb genomes isolated during a study that quantified the diversity of viruses infecting Vibrionaceae bacteria. These viruses, which we propose to name the Autolykiviridae, represent a novel family within the ancient lineage of double jelly roll (DJR) capsid viruses. Ecologically, members of the Autolykiviridae have a broad host range, killing on average 34 hosts in four Vibrio species, in contrast to tailed viruses which kill on average only two hosts in one species. Biochemical and physical characterization of autolykiviruses reveals multiple virion features that cause systematic loss of DJR viruses in sequencing and culture-based studies, and we describe simple procedural adjustments to recover them. We identify DJR viruses in the genomes of diverse major bacterial and archaeal phyla, and in marine water column and sediment metagenomes, and find that their diversity greatly exceeds the diversity that is currently captured by the three recognized families of such viruses. Overall, these data suggest that viruses of the non-tailed dsDNA DJR lineage are important but often overlooked predators of bacteria and archaea that impose fundamentally different predation and gene transfer regimes on microbial systems than on tailed viruses, which form the basis of all environmental models of bacteria-virus interactions.
机译：地球上最丰富的病毒被认为是感染细菌的双链DNA（dsDNA）病毒（1）。但是，支配序列和培养物集合的尾细菌dsDNA病毒（Caudovirales）不能代表病毒的环境多样性（2,3）。实际上，无尾病毒通常在数量上主导海洋样本4，这提出了有关这些病毒性质的根本问题。在这里，我们描述了一组海洋dsDNA非尾部病毒的特征，该病毒在一项研究中分离出短10kb的基因组，该研究量化了感染弧菌科细菌的病毒的多样性。我们建议将其命名为Autolykiviridae的这些病毒，代表了古老的双胶卷（DJR）衣壳病毒家族中的一个新家族。从生态学上讲，Autolykiviridae的成员具有广泛的寄主范围，在四个弧菌中平均杀死34个寄主，而在一个物种中平均仅杀死两个寄主的尾巴病毒则相反。自噬病毒的生化和物理特征揭示了多种病毒体特征，这些特征在测序和基于文化的研究中引起DJR病毒的系统性丧失，我们描述了简单的程序调整以恢复它们。我们在各种主要细菌和古细菌门的基因组中，以及在海水柱和沉积物的基因组中鉴定了DJR病毒，发现它们的多样性大大超过了目前被此类病毒的三个公认家族捕获的多样性。总体而言，这些数据表明，非尾部dsDNA DJR谱系的病毒很重要，但常常被细菌和古细菌捕食，这些细菌和古细菌对微生物系统的捕食和基因转移机制与对尾部病毒的捕食和基因转移机制有着根本不同，后者是所有环境模型的基础细菌与病毒的相互作用。

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