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Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period

机译：从青铜时代到中世纪的古代乙型肝炎病毒

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摘要

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between approximately 0.8 and 4.5 thousand years old. The ancient sequences group either within or in a sister relationship with extant human or other ape HBV clades. Generally, the genome properties follow those of modern HBV. The root of the HBV tree is projected to between 8.6 and 20.9 thousand years ago, and we estimate a substitution rate of 8.04 x 10(-6-)1.51 x 10(-5) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, and a subgenotype from India, are shown to have an early Eurasian presence. The geographical and temporal patterns that we observe in ancient and modern HBV genotypes are compatible with well-documented human migrations during the Bronze and Iron Ages(1,2). We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.
机译：乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）是人类肝炎的主要原因。其演化的时间尺度以及与人类的关系存在很大的不确定性。在这里，我们介绍了12个完整的或部分的古代HBV基因组，这些基因组的历史大约在0.8到4500年前。古老的序列与现存的人类或其他猿类HBV进化枝处于亲缘关系中或成对。通常，基因组特性遵循现代HBV的特性。 HBV树的根预计在8.6到20900年前之间，并且我们估计每个站点每年的替换率为8.04 x 10（-6-）1.51 x 10（-5）核苷酸替换。在某些情况下，古代基因型的地理位置与当今的分布不匹配。如今，典型的基因型是非洲和亚洲的典型，而印度则是亚基因型，已被证明具有早期的欧亚血统。我们在古代和现代的HBV基因型中观察到的地理和时间格局与在青铜时代和铁器时代（1,2）的有据可查的人类迁徙兼容。我们为通过重组产生HBV基因型A以及现代HBV基因型与人类的长期联系提供证据，包括发现现已灭绝的人类基因型。这些数据暴露了HBV进化的复杂性，仅考虑现代序列时尚不明显。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2018年第7705期|418-423|共6页
  • 作者

    Muhlemann Barbara; Jones Terry C.; Damgaard Peter de Barros; Allentoft Morten E.; Shevnina Irina; Logvin Andrey; Usmanova Emma; Panyushkina Irina P.; Boldgiv Bazartseren; Bazartseren Tsevel; Tashbaeva Kadicha; Merz Victor; Lau Nina; Smrcka Vaclav; Voyakin Dmitry; Kitov Egor; Epimakhov Andrey; Pokutta Dalia; Vicze Magdolna; Price T. Douglas; Moiseyev Vyacheslav; Hansen Anders J.; Orlando Ludovic; Rasmussen Simon; Sikora Martin; Vinner Lasse; Osterhaus Albert D. M. E.; Smith Derek J.; Glebe Dieter; Fouchier Ron A. M.; Drosten Christian; Sjogren Karl-Goran; Kristiansen Kristian; Willerslev Eske;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Ctr Pathogen Evolut, Cambridge, England;

    Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Ctr Pathogen Evolut, Cambridge, England;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

    AA Baitursynov Kostanay State Univ, Archaeol Lab, Fac Hist & Law, Kostanay, Kazakhstan;

    AA Baitursynov Kostanay State Univ, Archaeol Lab, Fac Hist & Law, Kostanay, Kazakhstan;

    Karaganda State Univ, Saryarka Archaeol Inst, Karaganda, Kazakhstan;

    Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA;

    Natl Univ Mongolia, Sch Arts & Sci, Dept Biol, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep;

    Mongolian Univ Life Sci, Inst Vet Med, Virol Lab, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep;

    Natl Acad Sci, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;

    Pavlodar State Univ, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan;

    Ctr Balt & Scandinavian Archaeol, Schleswig, Germany;

    Charles Univ Prague, Fac Med 1, Inst Hist Med & Foreign Languages, Prague, Czech Republic;

    Margulan Inst Archaeol, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan;

    Russian Acad Sci, NN Miklouho Maklay Inst Ethnol & Anthropol, Moscow, Russia;

    South Ural State Univ, South Ural Dept, Inst Hist & Archaeol UBRAS, Chelyabinsk, Russia;

    Stockholm Univ, Dept Archaeol & Class Studies, Stockholm, Sweden;

    Matrica Museum, Szazhalombatta, Hungary;

    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Hist Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden;

    Peter Great Museum Anthropol & Ethnog, Dept Phys Anthropol, St Petersburg, Russia;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Bio & Hlth Informat, Lyngby, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Vet Med Hannover, Res Ctr Emerging Infect & Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany;

    Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Ctr Pathogen Evolut, Cambridge, England;

    Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Inst Med Virol, Giessen, Germany;

    Erasmus MC, Dept Virosci, Rotterdam, Netherlands;

    Charite Univ Med Berlin, Inst Virol, Berlin, Germany;

    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Hist Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden;

    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Hist Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden;

    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Ctr GeoGenet, Copenhagen, Denmark;

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