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Quantum back-action-evading measurement of motion in a negative mass reference frame

机译：负质量参考系中运动的量子后向回避测量

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摘要

Quantum mechanics dictates that a continuous measurement of the position of an object imposes a random quantum back-action (QBA) perturbation on its momentum. This randomness translates with time into position uncertainty, thus leading to the well known uncertainty on the measurement of motion(1,2). As a consequence of this randomness, and in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the QBA(3,4) puts a limitation-the so-called standard quantum limit-on the precision of sensing of position, velocity and acceleration. Here we show that QBA(5) on a macroscopic mechanical oscillator can be evaded if the measurement of motion is conducted in the reference frame of an atomic spin oscillator(6,7). The collective quantum measurement on this hybrid system of two distant and disparate oscillators is performed with light. The mechanical oscillator is a vibrational 'drum' mode of a millimetre-sized dielectric membrane(8), and the spin oscillator is an atomic ensemble in a magnetic field(9,10). The spin oriented along the field corresponds to an energetically inverted spin population and realizes a negative-effective-mass oscillator, while the opposite orientation corresponds to an oscillator with positive effective mass. The QBA is suppressed by -1.8 decibels in the negative-mass setting and enhanced by 2.4 decibels in the positive-mass case. This hybrid quantum system paves the way to entanglement generation and distant quantum communication between mechanical and spin systems and to sensing of force, motion and gravity beyond the standard quantum limit.
机译：量子力学指出，对物体位置的连续测量会在其动量上施加一个随机的量子反作用（QBA）扰动。这种随机性随时间转换为位置不确定性，从而导致众所周知的运动测量不确定性（1,2）。由于这种随机性，并且根据海森堡不确定性原理，QBA（3,4）对位置，速度和加速度的感应精度施加了一个限制，即所谓的标准量子限制。在这里我们表明，如果在原子自旋振荡器的参考系中进行运动测量，则可以避免宏观机械振荡器上的QBA（5）（6,7）。在两个遥远且不同的振荡器的混合系统上，用光进行集体量子测量。机械振荡器是毫米大小介电膜的振动“鼓”模式（8），自旋振荡器是磁场中的原子集合（9,10）。沿磁场定向的自旋对应于能量上反转的自旋种群，并实现负有效质量的振荡器，而相反的方向对应于具有正有效质量的振荡器。在负质量设置中，将QBA抑制为-1.8分贝，在正质量情况下，将QBA增强为2.4分贝。这种混合量子系统为机械和自旋系统之间的纠缠生成和远距离量子通信以及检测超出标准量子极限的力，运动和重力铺平了道路。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2017年第7662期|191-195|共5页
  • 作者

    Moller Christoffer B.; Thomas Rodrigo A.; Vasilakis Georgios; Zeuthen Emil; Tsaturyan Yeghishe; Balabas Mikhail; Jensen Kasper; Schliesser Albert; Hammerer Klemens; Polzik Eugene S.;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark|Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Iraklion 71110, Greece;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark|Leibniz Univ Hannover, Albert Einstein Inst, Inst Theoret Phys, Callinstr 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany|Leibniz Univ Hannover, Albert Einstein Inst, Inst Gravitat Phys, Callinstr 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark|St Petersburg State Univ, Dept Phys, Univ Prospekt 28, St Petersburg 198504, Russia;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

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