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Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago

机译：65,000年前人类对北澳大利亚的占领

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摘要

The time of arrival of people in Australia is an unresolved question. It is relevant to debates about when modern humans first dispersed out of Africa and when their descendants incorporated genetic material from Neanderthals, Denisovans and possibly other hominins. Humans have also been implicated in the extinction of Australia's megafauna. Here we report the results of new excavations conducted at Madjedbebe, a rock shelter in northern Australia. Artefacts in primary depositional context are concentrated in three dense bands, with the stratigraphic integrity of the deposit demonstrated by artefact refits and by optical dating and other analyses of the sediments. Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago, with a distinctive stone tool assemblage including grinding stones, ground ochres, reflective additives and ground-edge hatchet heads. This evidence sets a new minimum age for the arrival of humans in Australia, the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa, and the subsequent interactions of modern humans with Neanderthals and Denisovans.
机译：人们到达澳大利亚的时间尚未解决。这与关于现代人何时首次散布到非洲以及他们的后代何时从尼安德特人，德尼索瓦人以及可能的其他人类中吸收遗传物质的辩论有关。人类也被认为与澳大利亚大型动物的灭绝有关。在这里，我们报告在澳大利亚北部的岩石避难所Madjedbebe进行的新挖掘的结果。在主要沉积环境中，人工制品集中在三个密集带中，通过人工制品改装，光学测年和沉积物的其他分析证明了沉积物的地层完整性。大约65,000年前，人类占领开始，其独特的石材工具组合包括磨石，地面石，反光添加剂和地面斧头。这一证据为人类到达澳大利亚，现代人类散布到非洲以及随后现代人类与尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人的互动设定了新的最低年龄。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2017年第7663期|306-310|共5页
  • 作者

    Clarkson Chris; Jacobs Zenobia; Ben Marwick; Fullagar Richard; Wallis Lynley; Smith Mike; Roberts Richard G.; Hayes Elspeth; Lowe Kelsey; Carah Xavier; Florin S. Anna; McNeil Jessica; Cox Delyth; Arnold Lee J.; Hua Quan; Huntley Jillian; Brand Helen E. A.; Manne Tiina; Fairbairn Andrew; Shulmeister James; Lyle Lindsey; Salinas Makiah; Page Mara; Connell Kate; Park Gayoung; Norman Kasih; Murphy Tessa; Pardoe Colin;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Wollongong, Australian Res Council, Ctr Excellence Australian Biodivers & Heritage, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia|Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Ctr Archaeol Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;

    Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Ctr Archaeol Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia|Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA;

    Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Ctr Archaeol Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;

    Univ Notre Dame, Nulungu Res Inst, Broome, WA 6725, Australia;

    Natl Museum Australia, Ctr Hist Res, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;

    Univ Wollongong, Australian Res Council, Ctr Excellence Australian Biodivers & Heritage, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia|Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Ctr Archaeol Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;

    Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Ctr Archaeol Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia|Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02143 USA;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Adelaide, Environm Inst, Sch Phys Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia|Univ Adelaide, Inst Photon & Adv Sensing, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;

    Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia;

    Griffith Univ, Sch Humanities, Pl Evolut Rock Art Heritage Unit, Nathan, Qld 4222, Australia;

    Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA;

    Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA;

    Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA;

    Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA;

    Univ Queensland, Sch Social Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia;

    Univ Washington, Dept Anthropol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA;

    Australian Natl Univ, Sch Culture Hist & Language, Archaeol & Nat Hist, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;

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