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Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies

机译:仪式性的人类牺牲促进并维持了分层社会的发展

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摘要

Evidence for human sacrifice is found throughout the archaeological record of early civilizations(1), the ethnographic records of indigenous world cultures(2-5), and the texts of the most prolific contemporary religions(6). According to the social control hypothesis(2,7,8), human sacrifice legitimizes political authority and social class systems, functioning to stabilize such social stratification. Support for the social control hypothesis is largely limited to historical anecdotes of human sacrifice(2,8), where the causal claims have not been subject to rigorous quantitative cross-cultural tests. Here we test the social control hypothesis by applying Bayesian phylogenetic methods to a geographically and socially diverse sample of 93 traditional Austronesian cultures. We find strong support for models in which human sacrifice stabilizes social stratification once stratification has arisen, and promotes a shift to strictly inherited class systems. Whilst evolutionary theories of religion have focused on the functionality of prosocial and moral beliefs(9,10), our results reveal a darker link between religion and the evolution of modern hierarchical societies(11,12).
机译:在早期文明的考古记录(1),土著世界文化的人种志记录(2-5)以及当代最多产的宗教文本(6)中都发现了人类牺牲的证据。根据社会控制假说(2,7,8),人类牺牲使政治权威和社会阶级制度合法化,起到稳定这种社会分层的作用。对社会控制假说的支持主要限于人类牺牲的历史轶事(2,8),其中因果关系的主张尚未经过严格的定量跨文化检验。在这里,我们通过将贝叶斯系统发生方法应用于93种传统的南澳大利亚文化的地理和社会差异样本,来测试社会控制假设。我们发现了对以下模型的大力支持:在这些模型中,一旦出现分层,人类牺牲就可以稳定社会分层,并促进向严格继承的阶级制度的转变。宗教的进化理论侧重于亲社会和道德信仰的功能(9,10),我们的研究结果揭示了宗教与现代等​​级社会的进化之间存在更深的联系(11,12)。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2016年第7598期|228-231|共4页
  • 作者单位

    Univ Auckland, Sch Psychol, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;

    Univ Auckland, Sch Psychol, Auckland 1142, New Zealand|Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist, D-07743 Jena, Germany;

    Univ Auckland, Sch Psychol, Auckland 1142, New Zealand|Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist, D-07743 Jena, Germany;

    Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Art Hist Class & Religious Studies, Wellington 6014, New Zealand;

    Univ Auckland, Sch Psychol, Auckland 1142, New Zealand|Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist, D-07743 Jena, Germany|Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Social Sci, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia|Allan Wilson Ctr Mol Ecol & Evolut, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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