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Bright spots among the world's coral reefs

机译：世界珊瑚礁中的亮点

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摘要

Ongoing declines in the structure and function of the world's coral reefs(1,2) require novel approaches to sustain these ecosystems and the millions of people who depend on them(3). A presently unexplored approach that draws on theory and practice in human health and rural development(4,5) is to systematically identify and learn from the 'outliers'-places where ecosystems are substantially better ('bright spots') or worse ('dark spots') than expected, given the environmental conditions and socioeconomic drivers they are exposed to. Here we compile data from more than 2,500 reefs worldwide and develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to generate expectations of how standing stocks of reef fish biomass are related to 18 socioeconomic drivers and environmental conditions. We identify 15 bright spots and 35 dark spots among our global survey of coral reefs, defined as sites that have biomass levels more than two standard deviations from expectations. Importantly, bright spots are not simply comprised of remote areas with low fishing pressure; they include localities where human populations and use of ecosystem resources is high, potentially providing insights into how communities have successfully confronted strong drivers of change. Conversely, dark spots are not necessarily the sites with the lowest absolute biomass and even include some remote, uninhabited locations often considered near pristine(6). We surveyed local experts about social, institutional, and environmental conditions at these sites to reveal that bright spots are characterized by strong sociocultural institutions such as customary taboos and marine tenure, high levels of local engagement in management, high dependence on marine resources, and beneficial environmental conditions such as deep-water refuges. Alternatively, dark spots are characterized by intensive capture and storage technology and a recent history of environmental shocks. Our results suggest that investments in strengthening fisheries governance, particularly aspects such as participation and property rights, could facilitate innovative conservation actions that help communities defy expectations of global reef degradation.
机译：世界珊瑚礁的结构和功能的持续下降（1,2），需要新颖的方法来维持这些生态系统以及数以百万计的人赖以生存的生态系统（3）。目前在人类健康和农村发展中借鉴理论和实践的一种尚未探索的方法（4,5）是系统地识别和学习那些生态系统明显更好（``亮点''）或更糟（``暗考虑到他们所处的环境条件和社会经济驱动因素，其影响比预期的要好。在这里，我们收集了来自全球2500多个珊瑚礁的数据，并建立了贝叶斯层次模型，以期产生对珊瑚礁鱼类生物量的固定存量与18种社会经济驱动因素和环境状况之间的关系的期望。我们在全球珊瑚礁调查中确定了15个亮点和35个暗点，珊瑚礁的定义是生物量水平超过预期的两个标准差。重要的是，亮点不只是钓鱼压力低的偏远地区。它们包括人口众多和生态系统资源使用率很高的地区，这可能提供有关社区如何成功应对变革的强大动力的见识。相反，黑斑不一定是绝对生物量最低的地方，甚至包括一些偏远的，无人居住的地方，通常被认为在原始附近（6）。我们对这些地点的社会，制度和环境条件的当地专家进行了调查，结果发现亮点的特征是强大的社会文化制度，例如习惯禁忌和海洋保有权，当地高水平的管理参与，对海洋资源的高度依赖以及有益的环境条件，例如深水避难所。另外，黑点的特点是密集的捕获和存储技术以及近期的环境冲击历史。我们的结果表明，对加强渔业治理，特别是参与和财产权等方面的投资，可以促进创新性的保护行动，帮助社区无视全球珊瑚礁退化的期望。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2016年第7612期|416-419|共4页
  • 作者

    Cinner Joshua E.; Huchery Cindy; MacNeil M. Aaron; Graham Nicholas A. J.; McClanahan Tim R.; Maina Joseph; Maire Eva; Kittinger John N.; Hicks Christina C.; Mora Camilo; Allison Edward H.; DAgata Stephanie; Hoey Andrew; Feary David A.; Crowder Larry; Williams Ivor D.; Kulbicki Michel; Vigliola Laurent; Wantiez Laurent; Edgar Graham; Stuart-Smith Rick D.; Sandin Stuart A.; Green Alison L.; Hardt Marah J.; Beger Maria; Friedlander Alan; Campbell Stuart J.; Holmes Katherine E.; Wilson Shaun K.; Brokovich Eran; Brooks Andrew J.; Cruz-Motta Juan J.; Booth David J.; Chabanet Pascale; Gough Charlie; Tupper Mark; Ferse Sebastian C. A.; Sumaila U. Rashid; Mouillot David;

  • 作者单位

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia|Australian Inst Marine Sci, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia|Dalhousie Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia|Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England;

    Wildlife Conservat Soc, Global Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA;

    Wildlife Conservat Soc, Global Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA|Univ Queensland, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat Sci, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Environm De, St Lucia, Qld 4074, Australia|Macquarie Univ, Dept Environm Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia|Univ Montpellier, IRD CNRS UM IFREMER, UMR 9190, MARBEC, F-34095 Montpellier, France;

    Stanford Univ, Ctr Ocean Solut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA|Conservat Int Hawaii Betty & Gordon Moore Ctr Sci, 7192 Kalaniana Ole Hwy,Suite G230, Honolulu, HI 96825 USA;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia|Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England|Stanford Univ, Ctr Ocean Solut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;

    Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Geog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA;

    Univ Washington, Sch Marine & Environm Affairs, Seattle, WA 98102 USA;

    Wildlife Conservat Soc, Global Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA|Macquarie Univ, Dept Environm Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia|Inst Res Dev, UMR IRD UR CNRS ENTROPIE, Lab Excellence LABEX CORAIL, BP A5, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia;

    Univ Nottingham, Sch Life Sci, Ecol & Evolut Grp, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England;

    Stanford Univ, Ctr Ocean Solut, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;

    NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Sci Ctr, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Honolulu, HI 96818 USA;

    Univ Perpignan, Labex Corail IRD, UMR Entropie, F-66000 Perpignan, France;

    Inst Res Dev, UMR IRD UR CNRS ENTROPIE, Lab Excellence LABEX CORAIL, BP A5, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia;

    Univ New Caledonia, LIVE EA4243, BPR4, Noumea 98851, New Caledonia;

    Univ Tasmania, Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia;

    Univ Tasmania, Inst Marine & Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia;

    Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;

    Nature Conservancy, Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia;

    Future Fish, 7315 Wisconsin Ave,Suite 1000W, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA;

    Univ Queensland, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat Sci, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Environm De, St Lucia, Qld 4074, Australia;

    Univ Hawaii, Dept Biol, Fisheries Ecol Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA|Natl Geog Soc, Pristine Seas Program, 1145 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA;

    Wildlife Conservat Soc, Global Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA;

    Wildlife Conservat Soc, Global Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA;

    Dept Pk & Wildlife, Perth, WA 6151, Australia|Univ Western Australia, Oceans Inst, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;

    Israeli Soc Ecol & Environm Sci, Kehilat New York 19, Tel Aviv, Israel;

    Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA;

    Univ Puerto Rico, Recinto Univ Mayaguez, Dept Ciencias Marinas, San Juan, PR 00680 USA;

    Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Life Sci, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;

    Inst Rech Dev, UMR ENTROPIE, Lab Excellence LABEX CORAIL, CS 41095, St Clotilde 97495, Reunion;

    Blue Ventures Conservat, 39-41 North Rd, London N7 9DP, England;

    Coastal Resources Assoc, St Joseph St, Surigao City 8400, Surigao Del Nor, Philippines;

    Leibniz Ctr Trop Marine Ecol ZMT, Fahrenheitstr 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;

    Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Econ Res Unit, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;

    James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Coral Reef, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia|Univ Montpellier, IRD CNRS UM IFREMER, UMR 9190, MARBEC, F-34095 Montpellier, France;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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