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Indifference to dissonance in native Amazonians reveals cultural variation in music perception

机译：亚马逊土著人对共鸣的冷漠揭示了音乐感知中的文化差异

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摘要

Music is present in every culture, but the degree to which it is shaped by biology remains debated. One widely discussed phenomenon is that some combinations of notes are perceived by Westerners as pleasant, or consonant, whereas others are perceived as unpleasant, or dissonant(1). The contrast between consonance and dissonance is central to Western music(2,3), and its origins have fascinated scholars since the ancient Greeks(4-10). Aesthetic responses to consonance are commonly assumed by scientists to have biological roots(11-14), and thus to be universally present in humans(15,16). Ethnomusicologists(17) and composers(8), in contrast, have argued that consonance is a creation of Western musical culture(6). The issue has remained unresolved, partly because little is known about the extent of cross-cultural variation in consonance preferences(18). Here we report experiments with the Tsimane'-a native Amazonian society with minimal exposure to Western culture-and comparison populations in Bolivia and the United States that varied in exposure to Western music. Participants rated the pleasantness of sounds. Despite exhibiting Western-like discrimination abilities and Western-like aesthetic responses to familiar sounds and acoustic roughness, the Tsimane' rated consonant and dissonant chords and vocal harmonies as equally pleasant. By contrast, Bolivian city-and town-dwellers exhibited significant preferences for consonance, albeit to a lesser degree than US residents. The results indicate that consonance preferences can be absent in cultures sufficiently isolated from Western music, and are thus unlikely to reflect innate biases or exposure to harmonic natural sounds. The observed variation in preferences is presumably determined by exposure to musical harmony, suggesting that culture has a dominant role in shaping aesthetic responses to music.
机译：音乐存在于每种文化中，但生物学对音乐的影响程度尚有争议。一种被广泛讨论的现象是，西方人认为音符的某些组合是令人愉悦的或辅音的，而另一些则被认为是不愉快的或不和谐的（1）。谐音与不谐音之间的对比是西方音乐的中心（2,3），其起源自古希腊人以来就吸引了学者（4-10）。科学家普遍认为对谐音的审美反应具有生物学根源（11-14），因此普遍存在于人类中（15,16）。相比之下，民族音乐学家（17）和作曲家（8）认为，谐音是西方音乐文化的创造（6）。这个问题仍未解决，部分原因是人们对辅音偏好的跨文化差异程度了解甚少（18）。在这里，我们报告了使用Tsimane'（一个本地亚马逊社会，很少接触西方文化）进行的实验，以及玻利维亚和美国的比较人群，他们对西方音乐的接触程度有所不同。参加者对声音的愉悦感进行了评分。尽管对熟悉的声音和声学粗糙度表现出类似西方的辨别能力和类似西方的审美反应，但Tsimane的和弦与不谐和弦与人声和声同样令人愉悦。相比之下，玻利维亚的城市居民和城镇居民表现出明显的共鸣偏好，尽管程度不及美国居民。结果表明，在与西方音乐充分隔离的文化中，可能没有谐音偏好，因此不太可能反映出先天的偏见或暴露于和声的自然声音。观察到的偏好差异大概是由暴露于音乐和谐中决定的，这表明文化在塑造对音乐的审美反应中起着主导作用。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2016年第7613期|547-550|共4页
  • 作者

    McDermott Josh H.; Schultz Alan F.; Undurraga Eduardo A.; Godoy Ricardo A.;

  • 作者单位

    MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA;

    Baylor Univ, Dept Anthropol, Waco, TX 76798 USA;

    Brandeis Univ, Heller Sch Social Policy & Management, Waltham, MA 02453 USA|Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Ctr Intercultural & Indigenous Res, Santiago 7820436, Region Metropol, Chile;

    Brandeis Univ, Heller Sch Social Policy & Management, Waltham, MA 02453 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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