If Patient X were like most people with advanced bladder cancer, she would probably be dead by now. After her first diagnosis, she received standard chemotherapy. It failed. Then she entered a clinical trial for a drug that was originally approved to treat other tumour types: would it also work in metastatic bladder cancer? Apparently not - none of the other patients in the trial did well. Yet Patient X thrived. Her tumour completely disappeared, says computational biologist Barry-Taylor at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York, where Patient X was treated. Today, a little more than five years after treatment, she is healthy and has no evidence of disease.
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