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Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

机译：青铜时代欧亚大陆的人口基因组学

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摘要

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.
机译：欧亚大陆的青铜时代（约公元前3000-1000年）是一个重要的文化变革时期。然而，关于这些变化是思想的传播还是人类的迁徙引起了争论，这也可能促进语言的传播和某些表型特征。我们通过使用新的改良方法对整个欧亚大陆101个古代人类的低覆盖率基因组进行测序，对此进行了调查。我们表明，青铜时代是一个高度动态的时期，涉及大规模的人口迁移和替代，负责塑造欧洲和亚洲当今人口结构的主要部分。我们的发现与青铜时代初期印欧语系的假设传播相一致。我们还证明，在青铜时代，欧洲人的浅色皮肤色素沉着已高频率出现，但对乳糖耐受性却不高，这表明对乳糖耐受性的积极选择比以前想象的要近。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2015年第7555期|167-172|共6页
  • 作者

    Allentoft Morten E.; Sikora Martin; Sjogren Karl-Goran; Rasmussen Simon; Rasmussen Morten; Stenderup Jesper; Damgaard Peter B.; Schroeder Hannes; Ahlstrom Torbjorn; Vinner Lasse; Malaspinas Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan Ashot; Higham Tom; Chivall David; Lynnerup Niels; Harvig Lise; Baron Justyna; Della Casa Philippe; Dabrowski Pawel; Duffy Paul R.; Ebel Alexander V.; Epimakhov Andrey; Frei Karin; Furmanek Miroslaw; Gralak Tomasz; Gromov Andrey; Gronkiewicz Stanislaw; Grupe Gisela; Hajdu Tamas; Jarysz Radoslaw; Khartanovich Valeri; Khokhlov Alexandr; Kiss Viktoria; Kolar Jan; Kriiska Aivar; Lasak Irena; Longhi Cristina; McGlynn George; Merkevicius Algimantas; Merkyte Inga; Metspalu Mait; Mkrtchyan Ruzan; Moiseyev Vyacheslav; Paja Laszlo; Palfi Gyoergy; Pokutta Dalia; Pospieszny Lukasz; Price T. Douglas; Saag Lehti; Sablin Mikhail; Shishlina Natalia; Smrcka Vaclav; Soenov Vasilii I.; Szeverenyi Vajk; Toth Gusztav; Trifanova Synaru V.; Varul Liivi; Vicze Magdolna; Yepiskoposyan Levon; Zhitenev Vladislav; Orlando Ludovic; Sicheritz-Ponten Thomas; Brunak Soren; Nielsen Rasmus; Kristiansen Kristian; Willerslev Eske;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Hist Studies, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;

    Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Syst Biol, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark|Leiden Univ, Fac Archaeol, NL-2300 Leiden, Netherlands;

    Lund Univ, Dept Archaeol & Ancient Hist, S-22100 Lund, Sweden;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Oxford, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Oxford OX1 3QY, England;

    Univ Oxford, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Oxford OX1 3QY, England;

    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Forens Med, Unit Forens Anthropol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Forens Med, Unit Forens Anthropol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Wroclaw, Inst Archaeol, PL-50139 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Univ Zurich, Archaeol Inst, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland;

    Wroclaw Med Univ, Dept Anat, PL-50368 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Univ Toronto, Dept Anthropol, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada;

    Gorno Altaisk State Univ, Dept Archeol & Gen Hist, Gorno Altaisk 649000, Russia;

    South Ural State Univ, South Ural Dept, Inst Hist & Archaeol RAS, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia;

    Natl Museum Denmark, Environm Res & Mat Sci, DK-1471 Copenhagen K, Denmark|Natl Museum Denmark, Ctr Text Res, DK-1471 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Univ Wroclaw, Inst Archaeol, PL-50139 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Univ Wroclaw, Inst Archaeol, PL-50139 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Peter Great Museum Anthropol & Ethnog Kunstkamera, St Petersburg 199034, Russia;

    Polish Acad Sci, Dept Anthropol, PL-50449 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Univ Munich, Bioctr, D-82152 Munich, Germany;

    Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Anthropol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary|Hungarian Nat Hist Museum, Dept Anthropol, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;

    Archaeol Museum Wroclaw, PL-50077 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Peter Great Museum Anthropol & Ethnog Kunstkamera, St Petersburg 199034, Russia;

    Samara State Acad Social Sci & Humanities, Samara 443099, Russia;

    Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Ctr Humanities, Inst Archaeol, H-1250 Budapest, Hungary;

    Masaryk Univ, Fac Arts, Inst Archaeol & Museol, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic|Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Bot, Dept Vegetat Ecol, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic;

    Univ Tartu, Dept Archaeol, EE-51003 Tartu, Estonia;

    Univ Wroclaw, Inst Archaeol, PL-50139 Wroclaw, Poland;

    Archaeol Superintendence Lombardy, I-20123 Milan, Italy;

    Univ Munich, Bioctr, D-82152 Munich, Germany;

    Vilnius State Univ, Dept Archaeol, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;

    Univ Copenhagen, SAXO Inst, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;

    Estonian Bioctr, Dept Evolutionary Biol, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia|Univ Tartu, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia;

    Yerevan State Univ, Dept Hist, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;

    Peter Great Museum Anthropol & Ethnog Kunstkamera, St Petersburg 199034, Russia;

    Hungarian Natl Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary|Univ Szeged, Dept Biol Anthropol, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;

    Univ Szeged, Dept Biol Anthropol, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;

    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Hist Studies, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;

    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Archaeol & Ethnol, PL-61612 Poznan, Poland;

    Univ Wisconsin, Lab Archaeol Chem, Madison, WI 53706 USA;

    Estonian Bioctr, Dept Evolutionary Biol, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia|Univ Tartu, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia;

    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, St Petersburg 199034, Russia;

    State Hist Museum, Dept Archaeol, Moscow 109012, Russia;

    Charles Univ Prague, Fac Med 1, Inst Hist Med & Foreign Languages, Prague 12108, Czech Republic;

    Gorno Altaisk State Univ, Res Ctr Hist & Culture Turk Peoples, Gorno Altaisk 649000, Russia;

    Hungarian Acad Sci, Res Ctr Humanities, Inst Archaeol, H-1250 Budapest, Hungary;

    Eotvos Lorand Univ, Fac Humanities, Inst Archaeol Sci, Dept Pre & Early Hist, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;

    Gorno Altaisk State Univ, Res Ctr Hist & Culture Turk Peoples, Gorno Altaisk 649000, Russia;

    Univ Tartu, Dept Archaeol, EE-51003 Tartu, Estonia;

    Matrica Museum, H-2440 Szazhalombatta, Hungary;

    Natl Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biol, Lab Ethnogen, Yerevan 0014, Armenia;

    Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Hist, Dept Archaeol, Moscow 119991, Russia;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

    Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Syst Biol, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark;

    Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Syst Biol, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark|Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Prot Res, Novo Nordisk Fdn, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;

    Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Theoret Evolutionary Genet, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA;

    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Hist Studies, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;

    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr GeoGenet, Nat Hist Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;

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