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The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties

机译：章鱼基因组与头足类神经和形态新奇的演变

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摘要

Coleoid cephalopods (octopus, squid and cuttlefish) are active, resourceful predators with a rich behavioural repertoire(1). They have the largest nervous systems among the invertebrates(2) and present other striking morphological innovations including camera-like eyes, prehensile arms, a highly derived early embryogenesis and a remarkably sophisticated adaptive colouration system(1,3). To investigate the molecular bases of cephalopod brain and body innovations, we sequenced the genome and multiple transcriptomes of the California two-spot octopus, Octopus bimaculoides. We found no evidence for hypothesized whole-genome duplications in the octopus lineage(4-6). The core developmental and neuronal gene repertoire of the octopus is broadly similar to that found across invertebrate bilaterians, except for massive expansions in two gene families previously thought to be uniquely enlarged in vertebrates: the protocadherins, which regulate neuronal development, and the C2H2 superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors. Extensive messenger RNA editing generates transcript and protein diversity in genes involved in neural excitability, as previously described(7), as well as in genes participating in a broad range of other cellular functions. We identified hundreds of cephalopod-specific genes, many of which showed elevated expression levels in such specialized structures as the skin, the suckers and the nervous system. Finally, we found evidence for large-scale genomic rearrangements that are closely associated with transposable element expansions. Our analysis suggests that substantial expansion of a handful of gene families, along with extensive remodelling of genome linkage and repetitive content, played a critical role in the evolution of cephalopod morphological innovations, including their large and complex nervous systems.
机译：鞘状头足类（章鱼，鱿鱼和乌贼）是活跃的，足智多谋的捕食者，具有丰富的行为表述（1）。它们在无脊椎动物中具有最大的神经系统（2），并提出了其他惊人的形态学创新，包括像照相机的眼睛，有力的手臂，高度衍生的早期胚胎发生和非常复杂的自适应着色系统（1,3）。为了研究头足类动物大脑和身体创新的分子基础，我们对加利福尼亚两点章鱼章鱼八爪鱼的基因组和多个转录组进行了测序。我们没有发现章鱼世系中假想的全基因组重复的证据（4-6）。章鱼的核心发育和神经元基因谱与无脊椎动物双侧脊椎动物大致相似，不同之处在于先前被认为在脊椎动物中独特扩增的两个基因家族中的大量扩增：调节神经元发育的原钙粘着蛋白，以及脊椎动物的C2H2超家族。锌指转录因子。如前所述（7），广泛的信使RNA编辑会在涉及神经兴奋性的基因中以及参与广泛其他细胞功能的基因中产生转录本和蛋白质多样性。我们鉴定了数百种头足类特异性基因，其中许多在皮肤，吸盘和神经系统等特殊结构中显示出升高的表达水平。最后，我们发现了与转座因子扩展密切相关的大规模基因组重排的证据。我们的分析表明，少数基因家族的大量扩展，以及基因组链接和重复内容的广泛重塑，在头足类形态创新的发展（包括其大型而复杂的神经系统）中发挥了关键作用。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2015年第7564期|220-224|共5页
  • 作者

    Albertin Caroline B.; Simakov Oleg; Mitros Therese; Wang Z. Yan; Pungor Judit R.; Edsinger-Gonzales Eric; Brenner Sydney; Ragsdale Clifton W.; Rokhsar Daniel S.;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA;

    Grad Univ, Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol, Onna, Okinawa 9040495, Japan|Heidelberg Univ, Ctr Organismal Studies, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany;

    Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA;

    Univ Chicago, Dept Neurobiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA;

    Univ Chicago, Dept Neurobiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA;

    Grad Univ, Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol, Onna, Okinawa 9040495, Japan|Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA;

    Grad Univ, Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol, Onna, Okinawa 9040495, Japan;

    Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA|Univ Chicago, Dept Neurobiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA;

    Grad Univ, Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol, Onna, Okinawa 9040495, Japan|Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA|US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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