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High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China

机译：中国霾天气中二次气溶胶对颗粒物污染的高度贡献

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摘要

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in developing countries has led to an increase in air pollution, along a similar trajectory to that previously experienced by the developed nations. In China, particulate pollution is a serious environmental problem that is influencing air quality, regional and global climates, and human health. In response to the extremely severe and persistent haze pollution experienced by about 800 million people during the first quarter of 2013 (refs 4， 5)， the Chinese State Council announced its aim to reduce concentrations of PM_(2.5) (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometres) by up to 25 per cent relative to 2012 levels by 2017 (ref. 6). Such efforts however require elucidation of the factors governing the abundance and composition of PM_(2.5), which remain poorly constrained in China. Here we combine a comprehensive set of novel and state-of-the-art offline analytical approaches and statistical techniques to investigate the chemical nature and sources of particulate matter at urban locations in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xi'an during January 2013. We find that the severe haze pollution event was driven to a large extent by secondary aerosol formation, which contributed 30-77 per cent and 44-71 per cent (average for all four cities) of PM_(2.5) and of organic aerosol, respectively. On average, the contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) are found to be of similar importance (SOA/SIA ratios range from 0.6 to 1.4). Our results suggest that, in addition to mitigating primary particulate emissions, reducing the emissions of secondary aerosol precursors from, for example, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning is likely to be important for controlling China's PM_(2.5) levels and for reducing the environmental, economic and health impacts resulting from particulate pollution.%空气污染是中国的一个重要环境问题，但雾霾事件期间造成大量颗粒物之存在的因素仍然很不清楚。这篇论文对2013年1月严重雾霾污染事件期间中国四个城市中市区位置颗粒物的化学性质和来源进行了研究，发现这次事件在很大程度上是由二次气溶胶的形成造成的。这表明，只关注一次颗粒排放物的减排策略不大可能完全有效。如果要减少中国的颗粒物污染，可能还需要采取其他措施，如对来自化石燃料燃烧(主要是煤和交通运输)和生物质燃烧的挥发性有机物的排放加以控制。
机译：发展中国家的快速工业化和城市化导致空气污染的增加，其轨迹与发达国家以前经历的轨迹相似。在中国，颗粒物污染是一个严重的环境问题，正在影响空气质量，区域和全球气候以及人类健康。针对2013年第一季度约8亿人遭受的极其严重和持续的霾污染（参考文献4、5），中国国务院宣布了降低PM_（2.5）（空气动力学颗粒物）浓度的目标。直径小于2.5微米）到2017年，相对于2012年的水平最多可提高25％（参考文献6）。但是，此类努力需要阐明控制PM_（2.5）的丰度和组成的因素，而这些因素在中国仍然受限制。在这里，我们结合了一整套新颖，先进的离线分析方法和统计技术，以研究2013年1月北京，上海，广州和西安市区的化学性质和颗粒物来源。发现严重的雾霾污染事件很大程度上是由二次气溶胶形成所驱动，二次气溶胶分别占PM_（2.5）和有机气溶胶的30-77％和44-71％（这四个城市的平均值）。平均而言，发现次要有机气溶胶（SOA）和次要无机气溶胶（SIA）的贡献具有相似的重要性（SOA / SIA之比在0.6到1.4之间）。我们的结果表明，除了减少一次颗粒物的排放外，减少化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧等产生的二次气溶胶前体的排放对于控制中国的PM_（2.5）水平和减少环境污染可能也很重要，颗粒污染造成的经济和健康影响。％空气污染是中国的一个重要环境问题，但雾霾事件期间造成大量颗粒物之存在的因素仍然很容易消除。本文针对2013年1月严重雾霾污染事件期间，中国四个城市中市区位置颗粒物的化学性质和来源进行了研究，发现这次事件在一部分是由二次气溶胶的形成造成的。这表明，只关注一次颗粒排放物的减如果要减少中国的颗粒物污染，可能还需要采取其他措施，如对来自化石燃料燃烧（主要是煤和交通运输）和生物质燃烧的替代有机物的排放污染物控制。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2014年第7521期|218-222a1|共6页
  • 作者

    Ru-Jin Huang; Yanlin Zhang; Carlo Bozzetti; Kin-Fai Ho; Jun-Ji Cao; Yongming Han; Kaspar R. Daellenbach; Jay G. Slowik; Stephen M. Piatt; Francesco Canonaco; Peter Zotter; Robert Wolf; Simone M. Pieber; Emily A. Bruns; Monica Crippa; Giancarlo Ciarelli; Andrea Piazzalunga; Margit Schwikowski; Guelcin Abbaszade; Juergen Schnelle-Kreis; Ralf Zimmermann; Zhisheng An; Soenke Szidat; Urs Baltensperger; Imad El Haddad; Andre S. H. Prevot;

  • 作者单位

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland,State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China;

    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland,Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;

    State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China;

    State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland,European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Air and Climate Unit, Via Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan 20126, Italy;

    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland,Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosol and Health (HICE), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

    Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosol and Health (HICE), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

    Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health-Aerosol and Health (HICE), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,University of Rostock, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, 18015 Rostock, Germany;

    State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China;

    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

    Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;

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