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Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls

机译：鸟类有古猿恐龙头骨

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摘要

The interplay of evolution and development has been at the heart of evolutionary theory for more than a century. Heterochrony- change in the timing or rate of developmental events-has been implicated in the evolution of major vertebrate lineages such as mammals, including humans. Birds are the most speciose land vertebrates, with more than 10,000 living species representing a bewildering array of ecologies. Their anatomy is radically different from that of other vertebrates. The unique bird skull houses two highly specialized systems: the sophisticated visual and neuro-muscular coordination system allows flight coordination and exploitation of diverse visual landscapes, and the astonishing variations of the beak enable a wide range of avian lifestyles. Here we use a geometric morphometric approach integrating developmental, neontological and palaeontological data to show that the heterochronic process of paedomorphosis, by which descendants resemble the juveniles of their ancestors, is responsible for several major evolutionary transitions in the origin of birds. We analysed the variability of a series of landmarks on all known theropod dinosaur skull ontogenies as well as outgroups and birds. The first dimension of variability captured ontogeny, indicating a conserved ontogenetic trajectory. The second dimension accounted for phylogenetic change towards more bird-like dinosaurs. Basally branching eumaniraptorans and avialans clustered with embryos of other archosaurs, indicating paedomorphosis. Our results reveal at least four paedomorphic episodes in the history of birds combined with localized peramorphosis (development beyond the adult state of ancestors) in the beak. Paedomorphic enlargement of the eyes and associated brain regions parallels the enlargement of the nasal cavity and olfactory brain in mammals6. This study can be a model for investigations of heterochrony in evolutionary transitions, illuminating the origin of adaptive features and inspiring studies of developmental mechanisms.
机译：超过一个世纪以来，进化与发展的相互作用一直是进化理论的核心。异时性-发育事件的时间或速率的变化-与主要脊椎动物谱系（例如哺乳动物，包括人）的进化有关。鸟类是最特殊的陆地脊椎动物，有10,000多种活体物种，代表着令人困惑的生态环境。它们的解剖结构与其他脊椎动物完全不同。独特的鸟头骨装有两个高度专业化的系统：复杂的视觉和神经肌肉协调系统，可以进行飞行协调，并利用各种视觉景观，而喙的惊人变化则使鸟类的生活方式更加广泛。在这里，我们使用一种几何形态计量学的方法，将发育，新学和古生物学的数据进行了整合，以表明古形态的异时过程，即后代类似于其祖先的幼年，是鸟类起源中几个主要的进化过渡的原因。我们分析了所有已知的兽脚亚目恐龙头骨个体以及外群和鸟类的一系列地标的变异性。变异的第一维捕获了个体发育，表明了保守的个体发育轨迹。第二个方面解释了向更多鸟状恐龙的系统发育变化。基部分支的eumaniraptorans和avialans与其他弓龙的胚胎聚集在一起，表明古猿变态。我们的研究结果表明，鸟类历史上至少有四次同形畸形，并在喙中出现了局部畸形（超过祖先的成年状态）。哺乳动物的眼睛和相关脑区域的人形扩大与鼻腔和嗅觉脑的扩大平行6。这项研究可以作为研究进化转变中异时性的模型，阐明适应性特征的起源并启发发展机制的研究。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2012年第7406期|p.223-226|共4页
  • 作者

    Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Jesus Marugan-Lobon; Fernando Racimo; Gabe S. Bever; Timothy B. Rowe; Mark A. Norell; Arhat Abzhanov;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;

    Unidad de Paleontologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Autonomade Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco (Madrid), Spain;

    Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;

    Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568-8000,USA;

    Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1100, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;

    Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192, USA;

    Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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