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The 'Higgs' amplitude mode at the two-dimensional superfluid/Mott insulator transition

机译：二维超流体/莫特绝缘子跃迁的“希格斯”振幅模式

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摘要

Spontaneous symmetry breaking plays a key role in our understanding of nature. In relativistic quantum field theory, a broken continuous symmetry leads to the emergence of two types of fundamental excitation: massless Nambu-Goldstone modes and a massive 'Higgs' amplitude mode. An excitation of Higgs type is of crucial importance in the standard model of elementary particle physics~1, and also appears as a fundamental collective mode in quantum many-body systems~2. Whether such a mode exists in low-dimensional systems as a resonance-like feature, or whether it becomes overdamped through coupling to Nambu-Goldstone modes, has been a subject of debate~(2-9). Here we experimentally find and study a Higgs mode in a two-dimensional neutral superfluid close to a quantum phase transition to a Mott insulating phase. We unambiguously identify the mode by observing the expected reduction in frequency of the onset of spectral response when approaching the transition point. In this regime, our system is described by an effective relativistic field theory with a two-component quantum field~(2,7), which constitutes a minimal model for spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry. Additionally, all microscopic parameters of our system are known from first principles and the resolution of our measurement allows us to detect excited states of the many-body system at the level of individual quasi-particles. This allows for an in-depth study of Higgs excitations that also addresses the consequences of the reduced dimensionality and confinement of the system. Our work constitutes a step towards exploring emergent relativistic models with ultracold atomic gases.
机译：自发对称性破坏在我们对自然的理解中起着关键作用。在相对论量子场论中，连续对称性的破坏导致两种基本激发的出现：无质量的Nambu-Goldstone模式和大规模的“希格斯”振幅模式。希格斯类型的激发在基本粒子物理学的标准模型〜1中至关重要，在量子多体系统〜2中也作为基本的集体模式出现。这种模式是否在低维系统中以类似共振的形式存在，或者是否通过耦合到Nambu-Goldstone模式而变得过阻尼，一直是争论的主题（2-9）。在这里，我们以实验方式找到并研究了二维中性超流体中的希格斯模式，该中性超流体接近量子相变到莫特绝缘相。我们通过观察接近过渡点时频谱响应开始频率的预期降低来明确识别模式。在这种情况下，我们的系统由具有两个分量的量子场〜（2,7）的有效相对论场论来描述，这构成了连续对称性自发破坏的最小模型。此外，我们的系统的所有微观参数都是从第一原理得知的，而我们的测量分辨率使我们能够在单个准粒子的水平上检测多体系统的激发态。这允许对希格斯激发进行深入研究，该研究还解决了降低维数和限制系统的后果。我们的工作是探索超冷原子气体的新兴相对论模型的一步。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2012年第7408期|p.454-458|共5页
  • 作者

    Manuel Endres; Takeshi Fukuhara; David Pekker; Marc Cheneau; Peter Schaufss; Christian Gross; Eugene Demler; Stefan Kuhr; Immanuel Bloch;

  • 作者单位

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany;

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany;

    Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany;

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany;

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany;

    Physics Department Harvard University.Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany,University of Strathdyde, SUPA, Glasgow G4 ONG, UK;

    Max-Planck-lnstitut fuer Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 80799 Miinchen. Germany;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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