After a couple of postdoctoral fellowships in the mid-1990s, Ben-Ami Gradwohl, then a physicist in Los Angeles, California, faced a tough market for tenure-track academic positions. And he had doubts about devoting his career to one particular strand of academic research. Bv chance, he started reading a book on the mathematical methods behind option pricing - how to determine the costs of tradeable contracts for buying or selling assets - and came across references to some papers not generally available in libraries. He got in touch with a manager at Leland O'Brien Rubinstein (LOR), a now-defunct investment firm in Los Angeles, who offered to send him copies of the papers in return for his resume. That was when Gradwohl's career took a turn.
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