Higher education and scientific research in China have undergone immense changes over the past 25 years. When the late leader Deng Xiaoping approved the '863 Program', his vision was to improve the overall capacity and research capability of academic institutions in the country to match world standards. The program has since evolved into Project 985 and Project 211, which aim to promote the global reputation and influence of the top 100 institutions in China and to strengthen key disciplinary areas of research to meet the economic and social needs of the twenty-first century.
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