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Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa

机译：来自南非陆地深层地下的线虫

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摘要

Since its discovery over two decades ago, the deep subsurface biosphere has been considered to be the realm of single-cell organisms, extending over three kilometres into the Earth's crust and comprising a significant fraction of the global biosphere~(1-4). The constraints of temperature, energy, dioxygen and space seemed to preclude the possibility of more-complex, multicellular organisms from surviving at these depths. Here we report species of the phylum Nematoda that have been detected in or recovered from 0.9-3.6-kilometre-deep fracture water in the deep mines of South Africa but have not been detected in the mining water. These subsurface nematodes, including a new species, Halicephalobus mephisto, tolerate high temperature, reproduce asexually and preferentially feed upon subsurface bacteria. Carbon-14 data indicate that the fracture water in which the nematodes reside is 3,000-12,000-year-old palaeometeoric water. Our data suggest that nematodes should be found in other deep hypoxic settings where temperature permits, and that they may control the microbial population density by grazing on fracture surface biofilm patches. Our results expand the known metazoan biosphere and demonstrate that deep ecosystems are more complex than previously accepted. The discovery of multicellular life in the deep subsurface of the Earth also has important implications for the search for subsurface life on other planets in our Solar System.
机译：自二十多年前被发现以来，深层地下生物圈一直被认为是单细胞生物的领域，延伸到地壳三公里以上，并构成了全球生物圈的重要组成部分（1-4）。温度，能量，双氧和空间的限制似乎排除了在这些深度生存更复杂的多细胞生物的可能性。在这里，我们报告了在南非深水雷的0.9-3.6公里深的压裂水中发现或从中发现的线虫物种，但在矿井水中未发现。这些地下线虫，包括一种新的线虫，可以耐受高温，可无性繁殖，并优先以地下细菌为食。碳14数据表明，线虫所在的压裂水为3,000-12,000年的古气象水。我们的数据表明应在温度允许的其他深层缺氧环境中发现线虫，并且它们可以通过放牧在断裂表面生物被膜上来控制微生物种群的密度。我们的结果扩展了已知的后生生物圈，并证明深层生态系统比以前接受的更为复杂。在地球深层地下发现多细胞生命，对于寻找太阳系其他行星上的地下生命也具有重要意义。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2011年第7349期|p.79-82|共4页
  • 作者

    G. Borgonie; A. Garcia-Moyano; D. Litthauer; W. Bert; A. Bester; E. van Heerden; C. Moeller; M. Erasmus; T. C. Onstott;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Biology, Nematology Section, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B9000 Ghent, Belgium;

    Metagenomics Platform, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology,University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway;

    Metagenomics Platform, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology,University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;

    Department of Biology, Nematology Section, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B9000 Ghent, Belgium,Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands;

    Metagenomics Platform, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology,University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;

    Metagenomics Platform, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology,University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;

    Metagenomics Platform, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology,University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;

    Metagenomics Platform, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology,University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;

    Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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