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Experimental non-classicality of an indivisible quantum system

机译：不可分量子系统的实验非经典性

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与经典物理形成对比的是，量子理论要求，并 非所有性质都可以同时得到很好定义。一个组 合型物理系统的子系统之间的纠缠经常被认为 是造成该现象的原因，尽管理论表明，在量子 力学和经典物理之间有一个更深层次的不相容 性。%In contrast to classical physics, quantum theory demands that not all properties can be simultaneously well defined; the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a manifestation of this fact1. Alternatives have been explored—notably theories relying on joint probability distributions or non-contextual hidden-variable models, in which the properties of a system are defined independently of their own measurement and any other measurements that are made. Various deep theoretical results~(2-5) imply that such theories are in conflict with quantum mechanics. Simpler cases demonstrating this conflict have been found~(6-10) and tested experimentally~(11,12) with pairs of quantum bits (qubits). Recently, an inequality satisfied by non-contextual hidden-variable models and violated by quantum mechanics for all states of two qubits was introduced~(13) and tested experimentally~(14-16). A single three-state system (a qutrit) is the simplest system in which such a contradiction is possible; moreover, the contradiction cannot result from entanglement between subsystems, because such a three-state system is indivisible. Here we report an experiment with single photonic qutrits~(17,18) which provides evidence that no joint probability distribution describing the outcomes of all possible measurements—and, therefore, no non-contextual theory—can exist. Specifically, we observe a violation of the Bell-type inequality found by Klyachko, Can, Binicioglu and Shumovsky~(19). Our results illustrate a deep incompatibility between quantum mechanics and classical physics that cannot in any way result from entanglement.
机译：与经典物理形成对比的是，量子理论要求，并 非所有性质都可以同时得到很好定义。一个组 合型物理系统的子系统之间的纠缠经常被认为 是造成该现象的原因，尽管理论表明，在量子 力学和经典物理之间有一个更深层次的不相容 性。%In contrast to classical physics, quantum theory demands that not all properties can be simultaneously well defined; the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a manifestation of this fact1. Alternatives have been explored—notably theories relying on joint probability distributions or non-contextual hidden-variable models, in which the properties of a system are defined independently of their own measurement and any other measurements that are made. Various deep theoretical results~(2-5) imply that such theories are in conflict with quantum mechanics. Simpler cases demonstrating this conflict have been found~(6-10) and tested experimentally~(11,12) with pairs of quantum bits (qubits). Recently, an inequality satisfied by non-contextual hidden-variable models and violated by quantum mechanics for all states of two qubits was introduced~(13) and tested experimentally~(14-16). A single three-state system (a qutrit) is the simplest system in which such a contradiction is possible; moreover, the contradiction cannot result from entanglement between subsystems, because such a three-state system is indivisible. Here we report an experiment with single photonic qutrits~(17,18) which provides evidence that no joint probability distribution describing the outcomes of all possible measurements—and, therefore, no non-contextual theory—can exist. Specifically, we observe a violation of the Bell-type inequality found by Klyachko, Can, Binicioglu and Shumovsky~(19). Our results illustrate a deep incompatibility between quantum mechanics and classical physics that cannot in any way result from entanglement.

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2011年第7352期|p.490-493407|共5页
  • 作者

    Radek Lapkiewicz; Peizhe Li; Christoph Schaeff; Nathan K. Langford; Sven Ramelow; Marcin Wiesniak; Anton Zeilinger;

  • 作者单位

    Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Bottzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna A-1090, Austria;

    Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Bottzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria;

    Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Bottzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna A-1090, Austria;

    Clarendon Laboratory, Departmentof Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford 0X13PU, UK (N.K.L);

    Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Bottzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna A-1090, Austria;

    Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdansk, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland (M.W.);

    Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Bottzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, Vienna A-1090, Austria;

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