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Warm water vapour in the sooty outflow from a luminous carbon star

机译:碳黑星从煤烟中流出的温水蒸气

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摘要

The detection of circumstellar water vapour around the ageing carbon star IRC +10216 challenged the current understanding of chemistry in old stars, because water was predicted to be almost absent in carbon-rich stars. Several explanations for the water were postulated, including the vaporization of icy bodies (comets or dwarf planets) in orbit around the star, grain surface reactions, and photochemistry in the outer circumstellar envelope. With a single water line detected so far from this one carbon-rich evolved star, it is difficult to discriminate between the different mechanisms proposed. Here we report the detection of dozens of water vapour lines in the far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectrum of IRC +10216 using the Herschel satellite. This includes some high-excitation lines with energies corresponding to ~1,000K, which can be explained only if water is present in the warm inner sooty region of the envelope. A plausible explanation for the warm water appears to be the penetration of ultraviolet photons deep into a clumpy circumstellar envelope. This mechanism also triggers the formation of other molecules, such as ammonia, whose observed abundances are much higher than hitherto predicted.
机译:由于预测到富含碳的恒星中几乎不存在水,因此探测到老化的碳恒星IRC +10216周围的星际水蒸气挑战了当前对老恒星化学的理解。提出了几种对水的解释,包括围绕恒星运行的轨道上的冰体(彗星或矮行星)的汽化,谷物表面反应以及外星包层的光化学作用。到目前为止,从这颗富含碳的恒星检测到一条单一的水线,很难区分所提出的不同机制。在这里,我们报告使用Herschel卫星检测到IRC +10216的远红外和亚毫米波谱中的数十条水蒸气线。其中包括一些能量约为〜1,000K的高激励线,只有在信封的温暖内部煤烟区域中存在水时才能解释。对温水的一个合理的解释似乎是紫外线光子深深地渗透到了一个块状的星状包膜中。这种机制还触发了其他分子的形成,例如氨,其观察到的丰度比迄今预测的高得多。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2010年第7311期|P.64-67|共4页
  • 作者单位

    Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium Sterrenkundig Instituut Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

    rnLaboratory of Molecular Astrophysics, Department of Astrophysics, CAB, INTA-CSIC, Ctra de Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain LUTH, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France;

    rnDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;

    rnLaboratory of Molecular Astrophysics, Department of Astrophysics, CAB, INTA-CSIC, Ctra de Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;

    rnLaboratory of Molecular Astrophysics, Department of Astrophysics, CAB, INTA-CSIC, Ctra de Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;

    rnSpace Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, 0X11 OQX, UK Institute for Space Imaging Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J1B1, Canada;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnMax-Planck-lnstitut fur extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany;

    rnSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;

    rnSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;

    rnRoyal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;

    rnlnstitut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 St Martin d'Heres, France;

    rnSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnBlue Sky Spectroscopy, 9/740 4 Avenue S, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 0N9, Canada;

    rnUK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnLaboratoire d' Astrophysique, Observatoire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France;

    rnUniversity of Vienna, Department of Astronomy, Tuerkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria;

    rnSpace Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, 0X11 OQX, UK;

    rnSpace Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, 0X11 OQX, UK;

    rnDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK;

    rnDepartment of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21,10691 Stockholm, Sweden;

    rnUniversity of Vienna, Department of Astronomy, Tuerkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

    rnDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;

    rnUK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK;

    rnSpace Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, 0X11 OQX, UK;

    rnDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;

    rnInstituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;

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