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Intrusion triggering of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull explosive eruption

机译：2010年Eyjafjallajokull爆炸爆发的入侵触发

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摘要

Gradual inflation of magma chambers often precedes eruptions at highly active volcanoes. During such eruptions, rapid deflation occurs as magma flows out and pressure is reduced. Less is known about the deformation style at moderately active volcanoes, such as Eyjafjallajoekull, Iceland, where an explosive summit eruption of trachyandesite beginning on 14 April 2010 caused exceptional disruption to air traffic, closing airspace over much of Europe for days. This eruption was preceded by an effusive flank eruption of basalt from 20 March to 12 April 2010. The 2010 eruptions are the culmination of 18 years of intermittent volcanic unrest. Here we show that deformation associated with the eruptions was unusual because it did not relate to pressure changes within a single magma chamber. Deformation was rapid before the first eruption (>5 mm per day after 4 March), but negligible during it. Lack of distinct co-eruptive deflation indicates that the net volume of magma drained from shallow depth during this eruption was small; rather, magma flowed from considerable depth. Before the eruption, a ～0.05 km~3 magmatic intrusion grew over a period of three months, in a temporally and spatially complex manner, as revealed by GPS (Global Positioning System) geodetic measurements and interferometric analysis of satellite radar images. The second eruption occurred within the ice-capped caldera of the volcano, with explosivity amplified by magma-ice interaction. Gradual contraction of a source, distinct from the pre-eruptive inflation sources, is evident from geodetic data. Eyjafjallajoekull's behaviour can be attributed to its off-rift setting with a 'cold' subsurface structure and limited magma at shallow depth, as may be typical for moderately active volcanoes. Clear signs of volcanic unrest signals over years to weeks may indicate reawakening of such volcanoes, whereas immediate short-term eruption precursors may be subtle and difficult to detect.
机译：在活跃火山爆发之前，岩浆室逐渐膨胀。在这样的喷发过程中，随着岩浆流出和压力降低，会发生快速放气。对于中等活跃火山的变形方式知之甚少，例如冰岛的埃亚菲亚拉祖库尔（Eyjafjallajoekull），那里自2010年4月14日开始的爆炸性山灰质顶峰爆发对空中交通造成了极大的干扰，使欧洲大部分地区的空域关闭了好几天。在此火山喷发之前，是从2010年3月20日至4月12日爆发的玄武岩侧面喷发。2010年的火山喷发是18年间歇性火山爆发的顶点。在这里，我们表明与喷发有关的变形是不寻常的，因为它与单个岩浆室内的压力变化无关。第一次喷发前变形迅速（3月4日以后每天> 5 mm），但在此期间可以忽略不计。缺乏明显的协同喷发性通缩，表明喷发过程中从浅层深度排出的岩浆净体积很小。相反，岩浆从相当深的地方涌出。 GPS的大地测量和卫星雷达图像的干涉分析表明，在喷发之前的三个月内，在时间和空间上都发生了约0.05 km〜3的岩浆侵入。第二次喷发发生在火山的冰盖破火山口内，其爆发力通过岩浆与冰的相互作用而放大。从大地测量数据可以看出，与火山爆发前的通货膨胀源不同，该源的逐渐收缩。 Eyjafjallajoekull的行为可以归因于它的裂谷环境，具有“冷”地下结构和浅深度有限的岩浆，这可能是中等活跃火山的典型特征。数年至数周的火山动荡信号明显迹象可能表明此类火山已经苏醒，而短期内的短期喷发前兆可能微妙且难以检测。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2010年第7322期|p.426-430|共5页
  • 作者

    Freysteinn Sigmundsson; Sigrun Hreinsdottir; Andrew Hooper; Thora Arnadottir; Rikke Pedersen; Matthew J. Roberts; Niels Oskarsson; Amandine Auriac; Judicael Decriem; Pall Einarsson; Halldor Geirsson; Martin Hensch; Benedikt G. Ofeigsson; Erik Sturkell; Hjoerleifur Sveinbjoernsson; Kurt L. Feigl;

  • 作者单位

    Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnDelft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnlcelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 9, IS-150 Reykjavik, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnlcelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 9, IS-150 Reykjavik, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnNordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland;

    rnDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;

    rnlcelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 9, IS-150 Reykjavik, Iceland;

    rnDepartment of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 W. Dayton St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;

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