In the 1950s and 1960s, a major topic of research in animal behaviour was aggression. Konrad Lorenz's popular 1966 book, On Aggression, argued that it has an important role in the social life of many animal species, including humans. The idea struck a chord with the public - perhaps because the memory of the Second World War was still fresh and the emerging cold war showed that even allies could turn on one another. Lorenz also noted that many animal species had "aggression-inhibiting mechanisms" to keep things from getting out of hand. But he thought that humans were especially under-equipped with these.rnIn the late 1970s, ethologist Frans de Waal began to study the aggression-inhibiting mechanisms of various primate species, which led to the discovery that primates often reconcilernafter fighting. Combatants will seek out one another and display some kind of peacemaking behaviour that often involves touching, as de Waal summarizes in his 1989 book Peacemaking Among Primates (Harvard University Press). The phenomenon has turned out to be robust and widespread, even among some non-primate mammals. De Waal has also studied reciprocity in primates: food sharing, support in fights and grooming seem to be exchanged in kind in many species.
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机译：在1950年代和1960年代，关于动物行为的研究的主要主题是侵略。康拉德·洛伦兹（Konrad Lorenz）于1966年流行的著作《侵略》（On Aggression）指出，它在许多动物物种（包括人类）的社会生活中具有重要作用。这个想法引起了公众的共鸣-也许是因为对第二次世界大战的记忆仍是新鲜的，新兴的冷战表明，即使是盟友也可以彼此交火。洛伦兹还指出，许多动物都有“抑制侵略的机制”，以防万一。但是他认为，人类对这些动物的装备尤其不足。1970年代后期，民族学家弗朗斯·德瓦尔（Frans de Waal）开始研究各种灵长类动物的侵略抑制机制，这导致了人们发现，灵长类动物在战斗之后通常会和解。正如德瓦尔在1989年的著作《灵长类动物的建立和平》（哈佛大学出版社）中所总结的那样，战斗人员将相互寻找并表现出经常涉及触摸的某种建立和平的行为。事实证明，这种现象是健壮且普遍的，甚至在一些非灵长类哺乳动物中也是如此。德瓦尔还研究了灵长类动物的互惠性：在许多物种中，食物共享，战斗中的支持和梳理似乎都是实物交换。
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