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The importance of niches for the maintenance of species diversity

机译：生态位对维持物种多样性的重要性

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摘要

Ecological communities characteristically contain a wide diversity of species with important functional, economic and aesthetic value. Ecologists have long questioned how this diversity is maintained. Classic theory shows that stable coexistence requires competitors to differ in their niches; this has motivated numerous investigations of ecological differences presumed to maintain diversity. That niche differences are key to coexistence, however, has recently been challenged by the neutral theory of biodiversity, which explains coexistence with the equivalence of competitors. The ensuing controversy has motivated calls for a better understanding of the collective importance of niche differences for the diversity observed in ecological communities. Here we integrate theory and experimentation to show that niche differences collectively stabilize the dynamics of experimental communities of serpentine annual plants. We used field-parameterized population models to develop a null expectation for community dynamics without the stabilizing effects of niche differences. The population growth rates predicted by this null model varied by several orders of magnitude between species, which is sufficient for rapid competitive exclusion. Moreover, after two generations of community change in the field, Shannon diversity was over 50 per cent greater in communities stabilized by niche differences relative to those exhibiting dynamics predicted by the null model. Finally, in an experiment manipulating species' relative abundances, population growth rates increased when species became rare-the demographic signature of niche differences. Our work thus provides strong evidence that species differences have a critical role in stabilizing species diversity.
机译：生态群落的特征是种类繁多的物种具有重要的功能，经济和美学价值。生态学家长期以来一直在质疑如何保持这种多样性。经典理论表明，稳定的共存要求竞争对手在各自的领域有所不同。这激发了许多关于维持多样性的生态差异的研究。这种利基差异是共存的关键，但是最近受到中立的生物多样性理论的挑战，该理论解释了与竞争者同等共存。随之而来的争议促使人们更好地了解生态位差异对于生态群落中所观察到的多样性的集体重要性。在这里，我们将理论和实验相结合，以表明利基差异共同稳定了蛇纹石年生植物实验群落的动态。我们使用现场参数化的人口模型来开发对社区动态的零期望，而没有利基差异的稳定作用。该无效模型预测的种群增长率在物种之间变化了几个数量级，足以进行快速竞争排斥。此外，在该领域经历了两代的社区变化之后，相对于那些具有零模型预测动态的生态系统，在通过生态位差异而稳定的社区中，香农多样性提高了50％以上。最后，在一项操纵物种相对丰度的实验中，当物种变得稀有时，种群增长速度增加了-利基差异的人口统计学特征。因此，我们的工作提供了有力的证据，表明物种差异在稳定物种多样性方面具有至关重要的作用。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2009年第7261期|254-257|共4页
  • 作者

    Jonathan M. Levine; Janneke HilleRisLambers;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA;

    Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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  • 正文语种 eng
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