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Spontaneous vortices in the formation of Bose-Einstein condensates

机译：玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚物形成中的自发旋涡

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Phase transitions are ubiquitous in nature, and can be arranged into universality classes such that systems having unrelated microscopic physics show identical scaling behaviour near the critical point. One prominent universal element of many continuous phase transitions is the spontaneous formation of topological defects during a quench through the critical point. The microscopic dynamics of defect formation in such transitions are generally difficult to investigate, particularly for superfluids. However, Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) offer unique experimental and theoretical opportunities for probing these details. Here we present an experimental and theoretical study of the BEC phase transition of a trapped atomic gas, in which we observe and statistically characterize the spontaneous formation of vortices during condensation. Using microscopic theories that incorporate atomic interactions and quantum and thermal fluctuations of a finite-temperature Bose gas, we simulate condensation and observe vortex formation in close quantitative agreement with our experimental results. Our studies provide further understanding of the development of coherence in superfluids, and may allow for direct investigation of universal phase transition dynamics.
机译：相变本质上是普遍存在的，可以安排为通用性类，这样具有不相关的微观物理学的系统在临界点附近会显示出相同的缩放行为。许多连续相变中一个突出的通用元素是淬火到临界点期间自发形成拓扑缺陷。通常难以研究这种转变中缺陷形成的微观动力学，特别是对于超流体。但是，玻色-爱因斯坦冷凝物（BEC）为探究这些细节提供了独特的实验和理论机会。在这里，我们提出了对捕获的原子气体的BEC相变的实验和理论研究，在其中我们观察并统计了凝结过程中涡旋的自发形成。使用结合了原子相互作用以及有限温度的Bose气体的量子和热涨落的微观理论，我们模拟了冷凝现象，并观察到涡旋的形成与我们的实验结果非常接近。我们的研究提供了对超流体相干发展的进一步理解，并可能允许直接研究通用相变动力学。

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