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Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7

机译：神经c的规范发生在胃形成过程中，需要Pax7

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摘要

The neural crest is a stem population critical for development of the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton and peripheral ganglia. Neural crest cells originate along the border between the neural plate and epidermis(1), migrate extensively and generate numerous derivatives, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, bone and cartilage of the head skeleton(2). Impaired neural crest development is associated with human defects, including cleft palate(3). Classically, the neural crest has been thought to form by interactions at the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm or mesoderm(4-7), and defined factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Wnt proteins have been postulated as neural crest-inducers(8-13). Although competence to induce crest cells declines after stage 10 ( ref. 14), little is known about when neural crest induction begins in vivo. Here we report that neural crest induction is underway during gastrulation and well before proper neural plate appearance. We show that a restricted region of chick epiblast ( stage 3 - 4) is specified to generate neural crest cells when explanted under non-inducing conditions. This region expresses the transcription factor Pax7 by stage 41 and later contributes to neural folds and migrating neural crest. In chicken embryos, Pax7 is required for neural crest formation in vivo, because blocking its translation inhibits expression of the neural crest markers Slug, Sox9, Sox10 and HNK-1. Our results indicate that neural crest specification initiates earlier than previously assumed, independently of mesodermal and neural tissues, and that Pax7 has a crucial function during neural crest development.
机译：神经rest是对脊椎动物颅面骨架和周围神经节发育至关重要的茎种群。神经rest细胞起源于神经板和表皮之间的边界（1），广泛迁移并产生许多衍生物，包括周围神经系统的神经元和神经胶质，黑素细胞，骨头和头部骨骼的软骨（2）。神经c发育受损与人类缺陷有关，包括c裂（3）。传统上，人们认为神经c是由神经和非神经外胚层或中胚层之间的相互作用形成的（4-7），并且已将诸如骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）和Wnt蛋白之类的定义因素假定为神经rest。 -诱导剂（8-13）。尽管在第10阶段后诱导rest细胞的能力下降（参考文献14），但何时开始体内神经neural的诱导知之甚少。在这里，我们报道在胃形成过程中以及在适当的神经板出现之前，神经neural的诱导正在进行中。我们显示，在非诱导条件下移植时，指定小鸡上皮细胞的限制区域（3-4期）可产生神经to细胞。该区域在第41阶段表达转录因子Pax7，随后有助于神经折叠和神经rest的迁移。在鸡胚中，Pax7是体内神经c形成所必需的，因为阻断其翻译会抑制神经c标记Slug，Sox9，Sox10和HNK-1的表达。我们的结果表明，神经c规范的启动要早于先前的假设，与中胚层和神经组织无关，并且Pax7在神经c发育过程中具有至关重要的功能。

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