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Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real-time modulation of song

机译:禽基底神经节-脑回路对歌曲实时调制的贡献

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Cortical - basal ganglia circuits have a critical role in motor control and motor learning(1). In songbirds, the anterior forebrain pathway ( AFP) is a basal ganglia - forebrain circuit required for song learning and adult vocal plasticity but not for production of learned song(2 - 5). Here, we investigate functional contributions of this circuit to the control of song, a complex, learned motor skill. We test the hypothesis that neural activity in the AFP of adult birds can direct moment- by- moment changes in the primary motor areas responsible for generating song. We show that song- triggered microstimulation in the output nucleus of the AFP induces acute and specific changes in learned parameters of song(6,7). Moreover, under both natural and experimental conditions, variability in the pattern of AFP activity is associated with variability in song structure. Finally, lesions of the output nucleus of the AFP prevent naturally occurring modulation of song variability. These findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated capacity of the AFP to direct real- time changes in song. More generally, they suggest that frontal cortical and basal ganglia areas may contribute to motor learning by biasing motor output towards desired targets or by introducing stochastic variability required for reinforcement learning.
机译:皮质-基底神经节回路在运动控制和运动学习中起关键作用(1)。在鸣禽中,前脑前路(AFP)是基底神经节-歌曲学习和成年人声可塑性所必需的前脑回路,而不是所学歌曲的产生(2-5)。在这里,我们研究了该电路对歌曲控制的功能贡献,这是一种复杂的,学到的运动技能。我们检验了这样的假设,即成年鸟类AFP中的神经活动可以指导负责产生歌曲的主要运动区域的瞬时变化。我们证明了AFP输出核中的歌曲触发的微刺激会在歌曲的学习参数中引起急性和特定的变化(6,7)。而且,在自然和实验条件下,AFP活性模式的变化与歌曲结构的变化有关。最后,AFP输出核的损伤阻止了歌曲变异性的自然发生调节。这些发现证明了AFP指导歌曲实时更改的能力是前所未有的。更普遍地说,他们认为额叶皮质和基底神经节区域可能通过将运动输出偏向所需目标或通过引入强化学习所需的随机变异性来促进运动学习。

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