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Enhanced atmospheric loss on protoplanets at the giant impact phase in the presence of oceans

机译：在存在海洋的巨大撞击阶段，原行星的大气损失增加

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摘要

The atmospheric compositions of Venus and Earth differ significantly, with the venusian atmosphere containing about 50 times as much Ar-36 as the atmosphere on Earth(1). The different effects of the solar wind on planet-forming materials for Earth and Venus have been proposed to account for some of this difference in atmospheric composition(2,3), but the cause of the compositional difference has not yet been fully resolved. Here we propose that the absence or presence of an ocean at the surface of a protoplanet during the giant impact phase could have determined its subsequent atmospheric amount and composition. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the presence of an ocean significantly enhances the loss of atmosphere during a giant impact owing to two effects: evaporation of the ocean, and lower shock impedance of the ocean compared to the ground. Protoplanets near Earth's orbit are expected to have had oceans, whereas those near Venus' orbit are not, and we therefore suggest that remnants of the noble-gas rich proto-atmosphere survived on Venus, but not on Earth. Our proposed mechanism explains differences in the atmospheric contents of argon, krypton and xenon on Venus and Earth, but most of the neon must have escaped from both planets' atmospheres later to yield the observed ratio of neon to argon.
机译：金星和地球的大气成分差异很大，金星大气中的Ar-36含量约为地球大气的50倍（1）。有人提出了太阳风对地球和金星的行星形成材料的不同影响，以解释这种大气成分的差异（2,3），但成分差异的原因尚未完全解决。在这里，我们提出，在巨大撞击阶段，原行星表面是否存在海洋可能决定了其随后的大气量和组成。通过数值模拟，我们证明了海洋的存在由于以下两种影响而大大增强了巨大撞击过程中的大气损失：海洋蒸发和海洋与地面相比，海洋的冲击阻抗较低。预计地球轨道附近的原行星上有海洋，而金星轨道附近的原行星上没有海洋，因此，我们建议富含稀有气体的原大气残留在金星上，而不是地球上。我们提出的机理解释了金星和地球上氩气，k气和氙气在大气中的含量差异，但是大多数氖气必须稍后从两个行星的大气中逸出才能产生观察到的氖气与氩气的比率。

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