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Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean

机译:农业径流助长了海洋脆弱地区的大型浮游植物绽放

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Biological productivity in most of the world's oceans is controlled by the supply of nutrients to surface waters. The relative balance between supply and removal of nutrients - including nitrogen, iron and phosphorus - determines which nutrient limits phytoplankton growth. Although nitrogen limits productivity in much of the ocean(1,2), large portions of the tropics and subtropics are defined by extreme nitrogen depletion. In these regions, microbial denitrification removes biologically available forms of nitrogen from the water column, producing substantial deficits relative to other nutrients(3-5). Here we demonstrate that nitrogen-deficient areas of the tropical and subtropical oceans are acutely vulnerable to nitrogen pollution. Despite naturally high nutrient concentrations and productivity(6-8), nitrogen-rich agricultural runoff fuels large (54 - 577 km(2)) phytoplankton blooms in the Gulf of California. Runoff exerts a strong and consistent influence on biological processes, in 80% of cases stimulating blooms within days of fertilization and irrigation of agricultural fields. We project that by the year 2050, 27 - 59% of all nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in developing regions located upstream of nitrogen-deficient marine ecosystems. Our findings highlight the present and future vulnerability of these ecosystems to agricultural runoff.
机译:世界大多数海洋的生物生产力都受到向地表水供应养分的控制。营养物质(包括氮,铁和磷)的供应和去除之间的相对平衡决定了哪种营养物质限制了浮游植物的生长。尽管氮限制了大部分海洋的生产力(1,2),但热带和亚热带的大部分地区都是由极端的氮耗竭所定义的。在这些地区,微生物反硝化作用从水柱中去除了生物上可用的氮,相对于其他养分而言会产生大量的氮缺乏(3-5)。在这里,我们证明热带和亚热带海洋的缺氮地区极易受到氮污染的影响。尽管自然地具有较高的养分浓度和生产力(6-8),但富氮的农业径流却为加利福尼亚湾的大型浮游植物(54-577 km(2))提供了燃料。径流对生物过程产生强大而持续的影响,在80%的情况下,农田施肥和灌溉后几天内就会激发水华。我们预计,到2050年,所有氮肥中的27%-59%将用于缺氮海洋生态系统上游的发展中地区。我们的发现强调了这些生态系统在当前和未来对农业径流的脆弱性。

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