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Ancient co-speciation of simian foamy viruses and primates

机译：猿猴泡沫病毒和灵长类动物的古老共种

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Although parasite - host co-speciation is a long-held hypothesis, convincing evidence for long-term co-speciation remains elusive, largely because of small numbers of hosts and parasites studied and uncertainty over rates of evolutionary change(1-5). Cospeciation is especially rare in RNA viruses, in which cross-species transfer is the dominant mode of evolution(6-9). Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are ubiquitous, non-pathogenic retroviruses that infect all primates(10,11). Here we test the co-speciation hypothesis in SFVs and their primate hosts by comparing the phylogenies of SFV polymerase and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II from African and Asian monkeys and apes. The phylogenetic trees were remarkably congruent in both branching order and divergence times, strongly supporting cospeciation. Molecular clock calibrations revealed an extremely low rate of SFV evolution, 1.7 x 10(-8) substitutions per site per year, making it the slowest-evolving RNA virus documented so far. These results indicate that SFVs might have co-speciated with Old World primates for at least 30 million years, making them the oldest known vertebrate RNA viruses.
机译：尽管寄生虫-寄主的共同物种形成是一个长期存在的假设，但令人信服的长期共同物种的证据仍然难以捉摸，这在很大程度上是因为研究的寄主和寄生虫数量很少以及进化变化速率的不确定性（1-5）。共物种在RNA病毒中尤为罕见，其中跨物种转移是进化的主要模式（6-9）。猿猴泡沫病毒（SFV）是一种普遍存在的非致病性逆转录病毒，可感染所有灵长类动物（10,11）。在这里，我们通过比较非洲和亚洲猴子和猿猴的SFV聚合酶和线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基II的系统发育，测试SFV及其灵长类宿主中的共同物种假说。系统发育树在分支顺序和发散时间上都非常一致，这极大地支持了共生。分子时钟校准显示SFV进化的速率极低，每年每个站点1.7 x 10（-8）个置换，使其成为迄今记录最慢的RNA病毒。这些结果表明，SFV可能已经与旧世界的灵长类动物共同鉴定了至少3000万年，使其成为已知的最古老的脊椎动物RNA病毒。

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