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Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon

机译:自养型氨氧化海洋古细菌的分离

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For years, microbiologists characterized the Archaea as obligate extremophiles that thrive in environments too harsh for other organisms. The limited physiological diversity among cultivated Archaea suggested that these organisms were metabolically constrained to a few environmental niches. For instance, all Crenarchaeota that are currently cultivated are sulphur-metabolizing thermophiles(1). However, landmark studies using cultivation- independent methods uncovered vast numbers of Crenarchaeota in cold oxic ocean waters(2,3). Subsequent molecular surveys demonstrated the ubiquity of these low- temperature Crenarchaeota in aquatic and terrestrial environments(4). The numerical dominance of marine Crenarchaeota - estimated at 10(28) cells in the world's oceans(5) - suggests that they have a major role in global biogeochemical cycles. Indeed, isotopic analyses of marine crenarchaeal lipids suggest that these planktonic Archaea fix inorganic carbon(6). Here we report the isolation of a marine crenarchaeote that grows chemolithoautotrophically by aerobically oxidizing ammonia to nitrite - the first observation of nitrification in the Archaea. The autotrophic metabolism of this isolate, and its close phylogenetic relationship to environmental marine crenarchaeal sequences, suggests that nitrifying marine Crenarchaeota may be important to global carbon and nitrogen cycles.
机译:多年来,微生物学家将古细菌定性为专性的极端微生物,它们在对其他生物而言过于恶劣的环境中壮成长。栽培古生菌之间有限的生理多样性表明,这些生物在代谢上被限制在少数环境中。例如,目前种植的所有Crenarchaeota都是硫代谢嗜热菌(1)。然而,使用与耕种无关的方法进行的划时代研究发现,在冷的有氧海洋水域中有大量的Crenarchaeota(2,3)。随后的分子调查表明,这些低温Crenarchaeota在水生和陆地环境中普遍存在(4)。海洋Crenarchaeota的数字优势-估计在世界海洋中有10(28)个细胞(5)-表明它们在全球生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。的确,对海洋缝隙藻脂质的同位素分析表明,这些浮游古细菌固定了无机碳(6)。在这里,我们报告了通过将需氧性将氨氧化为亚硝酸盐而化学自养生长的海洋蕨类植物的分离-这是古细菌中硝化作用的首次观察。该分离物的自养代谢及其与环境海洋crenarchaeal序列的密切系统发育关系表明,将海洋Crenarchaeota硝化可能对全球碳和氮循环很重要。

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