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Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees

机译：符合黑猩猩使用工具的文化规范

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Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own(1-12). However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited(13-16). Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture(11).
机译：丰富的环境证据表明，在野生大猿猴中记录的广泛的行为多样性反映了除我们以外的其他物种所无法比拟的文化变异的复杂性（1-12）。但是，这种解释所假设的文化传播能力仍然很难在现场进行严格测试，因为该领域的可控实验范围有限（13-16）。在这里，我们证明了实验引入的技术将在不同的猿类社区中传播。在队友没有观察到的情况下，我们首先训练了两组圈养黑猩猩中每一个的高级雌性，采用两种不同的工具使用技术中的一种来从同一“锅管”装置中获取食物，然后再将每只雌性重新引入到她各自的小组。 32只黑猩猩中只有2只在当地专家的影响下掌握了这项新技术，而在没有专家的第三只黑猩猩中，没有一只做到了。大多数黑猩猩都采用了他们的小组中植入的方法，随着时间的流逝，这些传统继续发生分歧。然而，发现了另一种方法的黑猩猩的一个子集继续与同伴的主要方法相匹配，显示出被认为是人类文化特征的顺从性偏见（11）。

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