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A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution

机译:木瓜中的原始Y染色体标志着性染色体的初期进化

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Many diverse systems for sex determination have evolved in plants and animals. One involves physically distinct (hetero-morphic) sex chromosomes (X and Y, or Z and W) that are homozygous in one sex (usually female) and heterozygous in the other (usually male). Sex chromosome evolution is thought to involve suppression of recombination around the sex determination genes, rendering permanently heterozygous a chromosomal region that may then accumulate deleterious recessive mutations by Muller's ratchet, and fix deleterious mutations by hitchhiking as nearby favourable mutations are selected on the Y chromosome. Over time, these processes may cause the Y chromosome to degenerate and to diverge from the X chromosome over much of its length; for example, only 5% of the human Y chromosome still shows X―Y recombination. Here we show that papaya contains a primitive Y chromosome, with a male-specific region that accounts for only about 10% of the chromosome but has undergone severe recombination suppression and DNA sequence degeneration. This finding provides direct evidence for the origin of sex chromosomes from autosomes.
机译:在植物和动物中进化出了许多用于性别确定的系统。一个涉及生理上不同的(异型)性染色体(X和Y,或Z和W),在一种性别(通常是女性)中是纯合的,而在另一种性别(通常是男性)中是杂合的。人们认为性染色体进化涉及抑制性别决定基因周围的重组,使染色体区域永久杂合,然后可能通过穆勒的棘轮积累有害的隐性突变,并通过搭便车修复有害的突变,因为在Y染色体上选择了附近的有利突变。随着时间的流逝,这些过程可能会导致Y染色体退化,并在X染色体的大部分长度上偏离X染色体。例如,只有5%的人类Y染色体仍显示X–Y重组。在这里,我们显示木瓜包含一个原始的Y染色体,其雄性特异性区域仅占该染色体的10%左右,但受到了严重的重组抑制和DNA序列变性。这一发现提供了来自常染色体的性染色体起源的直接证据。

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