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Magnetic trapping of rare-earth atoms at millikelvin temperatures

机译：毫摩尔温度下的稀土原子的磁阱

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The ability to create quantum degenerate gases has led to the realization of Bose-Einstein condensation of molecules(1-4), atom atom entanglement(5) and the accurate measurement of the Casimir force in atom-surface interactions(6). With a few exceptions(7-9), the achievement of quantum degeneracy relies on evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped atoms to ultracold temperatures. Magnetic traps confine atoms whose electronic magnetic moments are aligned anti-parallel to the magnetic field. This alignment must be preserved during the collisional thermalization of the atomic cloud. Quantum degeneracy has been reached in spherically symmetric, S-state atoms (atoms with zero internal orbital angular momentum). However, collisional relaxation of the atomic magnetic moments of non-S-state atoms (non-spherical atoms with non-zero internal orbital angular momentum) is thought to proceed rapidly. Here we demonstrate magnetic trapping of non-S-state rare-earth atoms, observing a suppression of the interaction anisotropy in collisions. The atoms behave effectively like S-state atoms because their unpaired electrons are shielded by two outer filled electronic shells that are spherically symmetric. Our results are promising for the creation of quantum degenerate gases with non-S-state atoms, and may facilitate the search for time variation of fundamental constants(10-12) and the development of a quantum computer with highly magnetic atoms(13).
机译：产生量子简并气体的能力导致实现了分子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚（1-4），原子原子纠缠（5）以及原子表面相互作用中卡西米尔力的精确测量（6）。除少数例外（7-9）外，量子简并性的实现依赖于将磁性俘获的原子蒸发冷却至超冷温度。磁阱限制了其电子磁矩反平行于磁场排列的原子。在原子云的碰撞热化过程中必须保留这种对齐方式。球形对称的S状态原子（内部轨道角动量为零的原子）已经达到量子退化。然而，非S状态原子（内部轨道角动量非零的非球形原子）的原子磁矩的碰撞弛豫被认为正在迅速进行。在这里，我们展示了非S状态稀土原子的磁阱，观察到了碰撞中相互作用各向异性的抑制。原子的行为像S状态原子一样有效，因为它们的不成对电子被两个球形对称的外部填充电子壳屏蔽。我们的结果对于创建具有非S状态原子的量子简并气体很有希望，并且可能有助于寻找基本常数的时间变化（10-12）和开发具有高磁性原子的量子计算机（13）。

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