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The puzzle of human cooperation

机译:人类合作的难题

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Humans often defy rational-choice theory by cooperating in simple dilemma games, a paradox that has been explained by theories of kin selection, reciprocal altruism and indirect reciprocity (reputation). Fehr and Gaechter claim that human cooperation remains an evolutionary puzzle because people will cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people whom they may not meet again, and without any gain in reputation ('strong reciprocity') ― that is, when existing theories do not seem to apply. However, we argue that those theories are rejected for the wrong reasons and that the paradox may therefore be imaginary. This has implications for whether punishment is crucial to promoting cooperation. First, strong reciprocity is not necessarily a puzzle because altruistic tendencies need not reflect contemporary selective pressures. Rather, they may reflect motivations that evolved during the past 5―7 million years, in situations that were very different from those presupposed in the puzzle (small groups with relatedness greater than random, individuals well known to each other, interactions likely to be repeated, and people organized in hierarchies). The puzzle disappears if human brains apply ancient tendencies to cooperate that persist in newer environments, even if they are maladaptive (heuristic rules that violate expected utility often make sense for common tasks in our evolutionary history).
机译:人类通常通过在简单的困境游戏中合作来挑战理性选择理论,这种悖论已经由亲属选择,互惠利他主义和间接互惠(声誉)理论加以解释。 Fehr和Gaechter声称,人类合作仍然是一个进化难题,因为人们将与与遗传无关的陌生人进行合作,通常是成群结队,与他们可能不会再见面的人们合作,并且不会获得任何声誉(“强互惠”),也就是说,现有理论似乎不适用时。但是,我们认为这些理论由于错误的原因而被拒绝,因此,这种悖论可能是虚构的。这对惩罚是否对促进合作至关重要至关重要。首先,强互惠并不一定是一个难题,因为利他主义的倾向不必反映当代的选择性压力。相反,它们可能反映了过去5到700万年间演变出的动机,这种情况与谜题中所假设的情况大不相同(相关性大于随机的小群体,彼此熟知的个体,可能重复发生的互动) ,以及按层次结构组织的人员)。如果人类的大脑运用古老的趋势进行协作,并在较新的环境中持续协作,即使它们适应不良,这个难题就消失了(违反预期效用的启发式规则通常对于我们进化史上的常见任务是有意义的)。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2003年第6926期|p.911-912|共2页
  • 作者

    Ernst Fehr; Simon Gaechter;

  • 作者单位

    Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zuerich, 8006 Zuerich, Switzerland;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
  • 关键词

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