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Parallel extinction risk and global distribution of languages and species

机译：物种灭绝的并行风险以及语言和物种的全球分布

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摘要

There are global threats to biodiversity with current extinction rates well above background levels(1). Although less well publicized, numerous human languages have also become extinct, and others are threatened with extinction(2,3). However, estimates of the number of threatened languages vary considerably owing to the wide range of criteria used. For example, languages have been classified as threatened if the number of speakers is less than 100, 500, 1,000, 10,000, 20,000 or 100,000 (ref. 3). Here I show, by applying internationally agreed criteria for classifying species extinction risk(4), that languages are more threatened than birds or mammals. Rare languages are more likely to show evidence of decline than commoner ones. Areas with high language diversity also have high bird and mammal diversity and all three show similar relationships to area, latitude, area of forest and, for languages and birds, maximum altitude. The time of human settlement has little effect on current language diversity. Although similar factors explain the diversity of languages and biodiversity, the factors explaining extinction risk for birds and mammals ( high altitude, high human densities and insularity) do not explain the numbers of endangered languages. [References: 23]
机译：当前的物种灭绝率远高于背景水平（1），对全球生物多样性构成威胁。尽管宣传程度较差，但许多人类语言也已灭绝，其他语言也面临灭绝的威胁（2,3）。但是，由于所使用的标准范围广泛，对受威胁语言数量的估计差异很大。例如，如果讲者的人数少于100、500、1,000、10,000、20,000或100,000，则将语言分类为受威胁的语言（参考3）。在这里，我通过应用国际公认的对物种灭绝风险进行分类的标准，表明语言比鸟类或哺乳动物受到的威胁更大。与普通语言相比，稀有语言更有可能显示出下降的迹象。语言多样性高的地区鸟类和哺乳动物的多样性也高，这三个地区，面积，纬度，森林面积以及语言和鸟类的最大海拔高度都有相似的关系。人类定居的时间对当前的语言多样性影响很小。尽管类似的因素解释了语言和生物多样性的多样性，但解释鸟类和哺乳动物灭绝风险（高海拔，人类高密度和孤立无援）的因素并不能解释濒危语言的数量。 [参考：23]

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