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Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis

机译：绝种的新西兰moa Dinornis极端地颠倒了性大小的二态性

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摘要

The rathe moa (Aves; Dinornithiformes) were massive gravipor-tal browsers weighing up to 250kg (ref. 1) that dominated the New Zealand biota until their extinction approximately 500 yr ago. Despite an extensive Quaternary fossil record, moa taxonomy remains problematic and currently 11 species are recognized. Three Dinornis species were found throughout New Zealand and differed markedly in size (1-2m height at back) and mass (from ～34 to 242 kg). Surprisingly, ancient mitochon-drial DNA sequences show that the three species were genetically indistinguishable within each island, but formed separate North and South Island clades. Here we show, using the first sex-linked nuclear sequences from an extinct species, that on each island the three morphological forms actually represent just one species, whose size varied markedly according to sex and habitat. The largest females in this example of extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism were about 280% the weight and 150% the height of the largest males, which is unprecedented among birds and terrestrial mammals. The combination of molecular and palaeontological data highlights the difficulties of analysing extinct groups, even those with detailed fossil records.
机译：车床mo叫（Aves； Dinornithiformes）是重达250kg的大型重力浏览器（参考资料1），一直统治着新西兰生物区系，直到大约500年前灭绝。尽管有广泛的第四纪化石记录，但Moa分类仍然存在问题，目前已识别出11种。在整个新西兰发现了3种Dinornis物种，它们的大小（背部高度1-2m）和质量（从34公斤到242公斤）明显不同。令人惊讶的是，古代的线粒体DNA序列显示，这三个物种在每个岛内在遗传上都没有区别，但形成了北岛和南岛单独的进化枝。在这里，我们使用一个已灭绝物种的第一个与性别相关的核序列显示，在每个岛上，这三种形态实际上只代表一个物种，其大小根据性别和栖息地而显着变化。在此示例中，最大的雌性极度反转的性别双态现象约为最大雄性的体重的280％和高度的150％，这在鸟类和陆生哺乳动物中是前所未有的。分子和古生物学数据的结合突显了分析灭绝群体的困难，即使那些具有详细化石记录的物种也是如此。

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