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Females increase offspring heterozygosity and fitness through extra-pair matings

机译：雌性通过超配对交配增加后代杂合性和适应性

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Females in a variety of species commonly mate with multiple males, and there is evidence that they benefit by producing offspring of higher genetic quality; however, the nature of these genetic benefits is debated. Enhanced offspring survival or quality can result from intrinsic effects of paternal genes― 'good genes'―or from interactions between the maternal and paternal genomes―'compatible genes'. Evidence for the latter process is accumulating: matings between relatives lead to decreased reproductive success, and the individual level of inbreeding-measured as average heterozygosity―is a strong fitness predictor. Females should thus benefit from mating with genetically dissimilar males. In many birds, social monogamy restricts mate choice, but females may circumvent this by pursuing extra-pair copulations. Here we show that female blue tits, Parus caeruleus, increase the heterozygosity of their progeny through extra-pair matings. Females thereby produce offspring of higher reproductive value, because less inbred individuals have increased survival chances, a more elaborate male secondary sexual trait (crown colour) and higher reproductive success. The cost of inbreeding may therefore be an important factor driving the evolution of female extra-pair mating.
机译：各种物种中的雌性通常与多个雄性交配，并且有证据表明，它们通过产生更高遗传品质的后代而受益。然而，这些遗传益处的性质尚有争议。后代的存活或质量提高可能源于父本基因的“内在效应”（“好基因”）或母本和父本基因组之间的相互作用（“兼容的基因”）。后一个过程的证据正在积累：亲戚之间的交配导致繁殖成功率下降，而近亲繁殖的个体水平（以平均杂合度衡量）是一个很强的适应性预测指标。因此，雌性应该从与遗传相似的雄性交配中受益。在许多鸟类中，社会一夫一妻制限制了配偶的选择，但是雌性可能会通过追求超配对来避免这种选择。在这里，我们显示雌性蓝山雀（Parus caeruleus）通过超配对交配增加了其子代的杂合性。因此，雌性产生较高繁殖价值的后代，因为近交个体的存活机会增加，雄性次要性状（冠状色）更加精细，繁殖成功率更高。因此，近交成本可能是驱动雌性成对配对发展的重要因素。

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