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Global spread of microorganisms by ships

机译：船舶在全球范围内传播微生物

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Commercial ships have spread many species around the world, but little is known of the extent and potential significance of ship-mediated transfer of microorganisms. Here we show that the global movement of ballast water by ships creates a long-distance dispersal mechanism for human pathogens and may be important in the worldwide distribution of microorganisms, as well as for the epidemiology of waterborne diseases affecting plants and animals. Ships have used ballast water for stability since the nineteenth century, discharging water at ports of call and en route. Ports can receive relatively large volumes of ballast water — for example, the United States receives more than 79 million tonnes of ballast water from overseas each year. Ballast tanks carry a diverse community of organisms, resulting in many biological invasions. Pathogens, including those affecting humans, are common in coastal waters and can also be transferred in ballast water.
机译：商用船已在世界范围内传播了许多物种，但是人们对船介导的微生物转移的程度和潜在意义知之甚少。在这里，我们表明，船舶压载水的全球流动为人类病原体创造了一种长距离的扩散机制，并且可能在微生物的全球分布以及影响植物和动物的水传播疾病的流行病学中发挥重要作用。自19世纪以来，船舶一直使用压舱水来保持稳定，并在停靠港和途中港口排放水。港口可以接收相对大量的压舱水，例如，美国每年从海外接收的压载水超过7900万吨。压载舱载有多种生物，导致许多生物入侵。病原体，包括影响人类的病原体，在沿海水域很常见，也可以在压舱水中转移。

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