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首页> 外文期刊>Nature >Remarkable muscles, remarkable locomotion in desert-dwelling wildebeest
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Remarkable muscles, remarkable locomotion in desert-dwelling wildebeest

机译：出众的肌肉，在荒漠的牛羚中运动异常

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摘要

Large mammals that live in arid and/or desert environments can cope with seasonal and local variations in rainfall, food and climate1 by moving long distances, often without reliable water or food en route. The capacity of an animal for this long-distance travel is substantially dependent on the rate of energy utilization and thus heat production during locomotion-the cost of transport(2,3,4). The terrestrial cost of transport is much higher than for flying (7.5 times) and swimming (20 times)4. Terrestrial migrants are usually large(1,2,3) with anatomical specializations for economical locomotion(5,6,7,8,9), because the cost of transport reduces with increasing size and limb length(5,6,7). Here we used GPS-tracking collars10 with movement and environmental sensors to show that blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus, 220 kg) that live in a hot arid environment in Northern Botswana walked up to 80 km over five days without drinking. They predominantly travelled during the day and locomotion appeared to be unaffected by temperature and humidity, although some behavioural thermoregulation was apparent. We measured power and efficiency of work production (mechanical work and heat production) during cyclic contractions of intact muscle biopsies from the forelimb flexor carpi ulnaris of wildebeest and domestic cows (Bos taurus, 760 kg), a comparable but relatively sedentary ruminant. The energetic costs of isometric contraction (activation and force generation) in wildebeest and cows were similar to published values for smaller mammals. Wildebeest muscle was substantially more efficient (62.6%) than the same muscle from much larger cows (41.8%) and comparable measurements that were obtained from smaller mammals (mouse (34%)11 and rabbit (27%)). We used the direct energetic measurements on intact muscle fibres to model the contribution of high working efficiency of wildebeest muscle to minimizing thermoregulatory challenges during their long migrations under hot arid conditions.
机译：生活在干旱和/或沙漠环境中的大型哺乳动物可以通过长途跋涉来应对降雨，食物和气候1的季节性和局部变化，而通常途中没有可靠的水或食物。动物进行这种长途旅行的能力主要取决于能量的利用率，因此取决于运动过程中的热量产生-运输成本（2,3,4）。地面运输成本远远高于飞行（7.5倍）和游泳（20倍）4。陆生移民通常较大（1,2,3），具有解剖学方面的经济性运动（5,6,7,8,9），因为运输成本随着大小和肢体长度的增加而降低（5,6,7）。在这里，我们将GPS追踪项圈10与运动和环境传感器配合使用，以显示生活在博茨瓦纳北部炎热干旱环境中的蓝羚羊（Connochaetes taurinus，220千克）在五天内不喝酒走了80公里。他们主要在白天旅行，运动似乎不受温度和湿度的影响，尽管一些行为温度调节很明显。我们测量了牛羚和家养牛（金牛座760公斤）的前肢屈肌腕尺骨完整肌肉活检的周期性收缩期间的工作产生（机械工作和热量产生）的能力和效率，这是一种可比较但相对久坐的反刍动物。牛羚和牛等距收缩的能量消耗（激活和产生力）与较小哺乳动物的公布值相似。牛羚的肌肉（62.6％）比大得多的母牛（41.8％）和从较小的哺乳动物（小鼠（34％）11和兔子（27％））获得的可比较测量结果的相同肌肉要有效得多。我们使用完整肌肉纤维上的直接能量测量值来模拟牛羚肌肉在高温和干旱条件下的长期迁移过程中对最大程度地降低体温调节挑战的高工作效率。

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