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A dynamically young and perturbed Milky Way disk

机译:动感十足,动感十足的银河盘

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The evolution of the Milky Way disk, which contains most of the stars in the Galaxy, is affected by several phenomena. For example, the bar and the spiral arms of the Milky Way induce radial migration of stars(1) and can trap or scatter stars close to orbital resonances(2). External perturbations from satellite galaxies can also have a role, causing dynamical heating of the Galaxy(3), ring-like structures in the disk(4) and correlations between different components of the stellar velocity(5). These perturbations can also cause 'phase wrapping' signatures in the disk(6-9), such as arched velocity structures in the motions of stars in the Galactic plane. Some manifestations of these dynamical processes have already been detected, including kinematic substructure in samples of nearby stars(10-12), density asymmetries and velocities across the Galactic disk that differ from the axisymmetric and equilibrium expectations(13), especially in the vertical direction(11,14-16), and signatures of incomplete phase mixing in the disk(7,)(1)(2,)(1)(7,)(18). Here we report an analysis of the motions of six million stars in the Milky Way disk. We show that the phase-space distribution contains different substructures with various morphologies, such as snail shells and ridges, when spatial and velocity coordinates are combined. We infer that the disk must have been perturbed between 300 million and 900 million years ago, consistent with estimates of the previous pericentric passage of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. Our findings show that the Galactic disk is dynamically young and that modelling it as time-independent and axisymmetric is incorrect.
机译:包含银河系中大多数恒星的银河系盘的演化受到多种现象的影响。例如,银河系的条和旋臂会引起恒星的径向移动(1),并可能诱捕或散射靠近轨道共振的恒星(2)。卫星星系的外部扰动也可能起作用,引起银河系(3)的动态发热,盘片(4)中的环状结构以及恒星速度的不同分量之间的相关性(5)。这些扰动还会在磁盘(6-9)中引起“相位包裹”特征,例如银河系中恒星运动中的拱形速度结构。已经发现了这些动力学过程的一些表现,包括附近恒星样本中的运动子结构(10-12),银轴上的密度不对称性和速度,不同于轴对称和平衡期望值(13),尤其是在垂直方向上(11,14-16),以及磁盘(7,)(1)(2,)(1)(7,)(18)中不完全相混合的特征。在这里,我们报告对银河系盘中六百万颗恒星运动的分析。我们表明,当空间和速度坐标相结合时,相空间分布包含具有各种形态的不同子结构,例如蜗牛壳和山脊。我们推断出该盘一定是在3亿至9亿年前扰动的,这与先前射手座矮星系的绕心通过的估计一致。我们的发现表明,银河系磁盘是动态年轻的,将其建模为与时间无关和轴对称是不正确的。

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