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Complex societies precede moralizing gods throughout world history

机译：在整个世界历史中，复杂的社会先于道德化神灵

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摘要

The origins of religion and of complex societies represent evolutionary puzzles(1-8). The 'moralizing gods' hypothesis offers a solution to both puzzles by proposing that belief in morally concerned supernatural agents culturally evolved to facilitate cooperation among strangers in large-scale societies(9-13). Although previous research has suggested an association between the presence of moralizing gods and social complexity(3,6,7,9-18), the relationship between the two is disputed(9-13,19-24), and attempts to establish causality have been hampered by limitations in the availability of detailed global longitudinal data. To overcome these limitations, here we systematically coded records from 414 societies that span the past 10,000 years from 30 regions around the world, using 51 measures of social complexity and 4 measures of supernatural enforcement of morality. Our analyses not only confirm the association between moralizing gods and social complexity, but also reveal that moralizing gods follow-rather than precede-large increases in social complexity. Contrary to previous predictions(9,12,16,18), powerful moralizing 'big gods' and prosocial supernatural punishment tend to appear only after the emergence of 'megasocieties' with populations of more than around one million people. Moralizing gods are not a prerequisite for the evolution of social complexity, but they may help to sustain and expand complex multi-ethnic empires after they have become established. By contrast, rituals that facilitate the standardization of religious traditions across large populations(25,26) generally precede the appearance of moralizing gods. This suggests that ritual practices were more important than the particular content of religious belief to the initial rise of social complexity.
机译：宗教和复杂社会的起源代表着进化难题（1-8）。 ``道德神''假说提出了对道德上关注的超自然行为者的信仰，这些信仰在文化上得到了发展，以促进大规模社会中的陌生人之间的合作，从而为这两个难题提供了解决方案（9-13）。尽管先前的研究表明道德神的存在与社会复杂性之间存在关联（3,6,7,9-18），但两者之间的关系存在争议（9-13,19-24），并试图建立因果关系由于无法获得详细的全球纵向数据，因此受到了限制。为了克服这些限制，在这里，我们使用了51种社会复杂性度量和4种超自然道德规范度量，对来自全世界30个地区的10,000年来414个社会的记录进行了系统编码。我们的分析不仅证实了使神灵道德化与社会复杂性之间的联系，而且还揭示了使神灵道德化是遵循而不是先于社会复杂性的大幅度增长。与先前的预测（9,12,16,18）相反，强有力的道德化“大神”和亲社会的超自然惩罚往往是在人口超过一百万的“大社会”出现之后才出现的。道德化不是社会复杂性发展的先决条件，但在建立复杂的多民族帝国之后，它们可能有助于维持和扩展复杂的多民族帝国。相比之下，促进大批宗教传统标准化的仪式（25,26）通常先于道德化神灵的出现。这表明，对于社会复杂性的最初兴起，仪式实践比宗教信仰的特定内容更为重要。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2019年第7751期|226-229|共4页
  • 作者

    Whitehouse Harvey; Francois Pieter; Savage Patrick E.; Currie Thomas E.; Feeney Kevin C.; Cioni Enrico; Purcell Rosalind; Ross Robert M.; Larson Jennifer; Baines John; ter Haar Barend; Covey Alan; Turchin Peter;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Oxford, Ctr Study Social Cohes, Oxford, England;

    Univ Oxford, Ctr Study Social Cohes, Oxford, England|St Benets Hall, Oxford, England;

    Univ Oxford, Ctr Study Social Cohes, Oxford, England|Keio Univ, Fac Environm & Informat Studies, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan;

    Univ Exeter, Dept Biosci, Human Behav & Cultural Evolut Grp, Penryn, England;

    Trinity Coll Dublin, Sch Comp Sci & Stat, Dublin, Ireland;

    Seshat Global Hist Databank, Evolut Inst, San Antonio, FL USA;

    Seshat Global Hist Databank, Evolut Inst, San Antonio, FL USA;

    Univ Oxford, Ctr Study Social Cohes, Oxford, England|Royal Holloway Univ London, ARC Ctr Excellence Cognit & Disorders, Egham, Surrey, England|Royal Holloway Univ London, Dept Psychol, Egham, Surrey, England|Univ Bristol, Dept Anthropol & Archaeol, Bristol, Avon, England;

    Kent State Univ, Dept Modern & Class Language Studies, Kent, OH 44242 USA;

    Univ Oxford, Fac Oriental Studies, Oxford, England;

    Univ Hamburg, Asia Africa Inst, Dept Chinese Language & Culture, Hamburg, Germany;

    Univ Texas Austin, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA;

    Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT USA|Complex Sci Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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