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U-Pb-dated flowstones restrict South African early hominin record to dry climate phases

机译：U-Pb年代的流石将南非早期人类素记录限制在干燥气候阶段

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摘要

The Cradle of Humankind (Cradle) in South Africa preserves a rich collection of fossil hominins representing Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo(1). The ages of these fossils are contentious(2-4) and have compromised the degree to which the South African hominin record can be used to test hypotheses of human evolution. However, uranium-lead (U-Pb) analyses of horizontally bedded layers of calcium carbonate (flowstone) provide a potential opportunity to obtain a robust chronology(5). Flowstones are ubiquitous cave features and provide a palaeoclimatic context, because they grow only during phases of increased effective precipitation(6,7), ideally in closed caves. Here we show that flowstones from eight Cradle caves date to six narrow time intervals between 3.2 and 1.3 million years ago. We use a kernel density estimate to combine 29 U-Pb ages into a single record of flowstone growth intervals. We interpret these as major wet phases, when an increased water supply, more extensive vegetation cover and at least partially closed caves allowed for undisturbed, semi-continuous growth of the flowstones. The intervening times represent substantially drier phases, during which fossils of hominins and other fossils accumulated in open caves. Fossil preservation, restricted to drier intervals, thus biases the view of hominin evolutionary history and behaviour, and places the hominins in a community of comparatively dry-adapted fauna. Although the periods of cave closure leave temporal gaps in the South African fossil record, the flowstones themselves provide valuable insights into both local and pan-African climate variability.
机译：南非的人类摇篮（Cradle）保留了丰富的化石人文学作品集，代表南方古猿，旁肢动物和人类（1）。这些化石的年龄是有争议的（2-4），并且损害了南非人均记录可用于检验人类进化假说的程度。但是，对碳酸钙（流石）水平层状铀-铅（U-Pb）分析提供了获得可靠年代学的潜在机会（5）。流石是普遍存在的洞穴特征，并提供了古气候背景，因为它们仅在有效降水增加的阶段才生长（6,7），理想情况是在封闭的洞穴中生长。在这里，我们显示了来自八个Cradle洞穴的流石可以追溯到3.2到130万年前的六个狭窄时间间隔。我们使用核密度估算将29个U-Pb年龄组合成一条记录的流石生长间隔。我们将这些解释为主要的湿相，即当供水增加，植被覆盖范围扩大以及至少部分封闭的溶洞使石块不受干扰，半连续生长时。中间的时间代表了较干燥的阶段，在此期间，人类蛋白化石和其他化石积聚在露天洞穴中。化石的保存仅限于较干燥的时间间隔，因此偏向了人参素的进化历史和行为观，并将人参素置于相对干燥适应的动物群落中。尽管洞穴封闭的时期在南非的化石记录中留下了时间上的空白，但流石本身为当地和泛非气候变化提供了有价值的见解。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2019年第7738期|226-229|共4页
  • 作者

    Pickering Robyn; Herries Andy I. R.; Woodhead Jon D.; Hellstrom John C.; Green Helen E.; Paul Bence; Ritzman Terrence; Strait David S.; Schoville Benjamin J.; Hancox Phillip J.;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Cape Town Dept Geol Sci Cape Town South Africa|Univ Cape Town Human Evolut Res Inst Cape Town South Africa;

    La Trobe Univ Australian Archaeomagnetism Lab Dept Archaeol & Hist Melbourne Vic Australia|Univ Johannesburg Ctr Anthropol Res Johannesburg South Africa;

    Univ Melbourne Sch Earth Sci Melbourne Vic Australia;

    Univ Cape Town Human Evolut Res Inst Cape Town South Africa|Washington Univ Sch Med Dept Neurosci St Louis MO USA|Washington Univ St Louis Dept Anthropol St Louis MO USA;

    Washington Univ St Louis Dept Anthropol St Louis MO USA;

    Univ Cape Town Human Evolut Res Inst Cape Town South Africa|Univ Queensland Sch Social Sci Brisbane Qld Australia;

    Univ Witwatersrand Evolutionary Sci Inst Johannesburg South Africa;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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