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Extreme-ultraviolet refractive optics

机译：极紫外折射光学

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摘要

Refraction is a well-known optical phenomenon that alters the direction of light waves propagating through matter. Microscopes, lenses and prisms based on refraction are indispensable tools for controlling light beams at visible, infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths(1). In the past few decades, a range of extreme-ultraviolet and soft-X-ray sources has been developed in laboratory environments(2-4) and at large-scale facilities(5,6). But the strong absorption of extreme-ultraviolet radiation in matter hinders the development of refractive lenses and prisms in this spectral region, for which reflective mirrors and diffractive Fresnel zone plates(7) are instead used for focusing. Here we demonstrate control over the refraction of extreme-ultraviolet radiation by using a gas jet with a density gradient across the profile of the extreme-ultraviolet beam. We produce a gas-phase prism that leads to a frequency-dependent deflection of the beam. The strong deflection near to atomic resonances is further used to develop a deformable refractive lens for extreme-ultraviolet radiation, with low absorption and a focal length that can be tuned by varying the gas pressure. Our results open up a route towards the transfer of refraction-based techniques, which are well established in other spectral regions, to the extreme-ultraviolet domain.
机译：折射是一种众所周知的光学现象，它会改变通过物质传播的光波的方向。基于折射的显微镜，透镜和棱镜是控制可见，红外，紫外和X射线波长光束的必不可少的工具（1）。在过去的几十年中，已经在实验室环境（2-4）和大规模设施（5,6）中开发了一系列的极紫外和软X射线源。但是，物质中极紫外辐射的强吸收阻碍了该光谱区域中折射透镜和棱镜的发展，为此反光镜和衍射菲涅耳波带片（7）被用于聚焦。在这里，我们演示了通过使用具有跨极端紫外线束轮廓的密度梯度的气体射流来控制极端紫外线辐射的折射的方法。我们生产出一个气相棱镜，它导致光束的频率相关偏转。原子共振附近的强偏转还被用于开发可变形的折射透镜，用于极紫外辐射，具有低吸收率和可通过改变气压来调节的焦距。我们的研究结果为将基于折射的技术（已在其他光谱区域中确立的）转移到极紫外领域开辟了一条道路。

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