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Global satellite-observed daily vertical migrations of ocean animals

机译：全球卫星观测的海洋动物每日垂直迁移

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摘要

Every night across the world's oceans, numerous marine animals arrive at the surface of the ocean to feed on plankton after an upward migration of hundreds of metres. Just before sunrise, this migration is reversed and the animals return to their daytime residence in the dark mesopelagic zone (at a depth of 200-1,000 m). This daily excursion, referred to as diel vertical migration (DVM), is thought of primarily as an adaptation to avoid visual predators in the sunlit surface layer(1,2) and was first recorded using ship-net hauls nearly 200 years ago(3). Nowadays, DVMs are routinely recorded by ship-mounted acoustic systems (for example, acoustic Doppler current profilers). These data show that night-time arrival and departure times are highly conserved across ocean regions(4) and that daytime descent depths increase with water clarity(4,5), indicating that animals have faster swimming speeds in clearer waters(4). However, after decades of acoustic measurements, vast ocean areas remain unsampled and places for which data are available typically provide information for only a few months, resulting in an incomplete understanding of DVMs. Addressing this issue is important, because DVMs have a crucial role in global ocean biogeochemistry. Night-time feeding at the surface and daytime metabolism of this food at depth provide an efficient pathway for carbon and nutrient export(6-8). Here we use observations from a satellite-mounted light-detection-and-ranging (lidar) instrument to describe global distributions of an optical signal from DVM animals that arrive in the surface ocean at night. Our findings reveal that these animals generally constitute a greater fraction of total plankton abundance in the clear subtropical gyres, consistent with the idea that the avoidance of visual predators is an important life strategy in these regions. Total DVM biomass, on the other hand, is higher in more productive regions in which the availability of food is increased. Furthermore, the 10-year satellite record reveals significant temporal trends in DVM biomass and correlated variations in DVM biomass and surface productivity. These results provide a detailed view of DVM activities globally and a path for refining the quantification of their biogeochemical importance.
机译：每天晚上，穿越世界海洋的无数海洋动物在向上迁移数百米后到达海洋表面，以浮游生物为食。在日出之前，这种迁移被逆转，这些动物回到了白天的住所，位于黑暗的近中生带（200-1,000 m的深度）。这种日常旅行被称为diel垂直迁移（DVM），主要被认为是为了避免在阳光照射的表层（1,2）中出现视觉掠食性动物而进行的适应，并且是在近200年前首次使用船网运输记录的（3） ）。如今，DVM通常由船载声学系统（例如，声学多普勒电流分析仪）记录。这些数据表明，夜间到达和离开的时间在整个海洋地区都得到了高度保护（4），并且随着水的透明度，白天的下降深度也随之增加（4，5），这表明动物在较清澈的水中游泳速度更快（4）。然而，经过数十年的声学测量，广阔的海洋区域仍未进行采样，并且可获得数据的地方通常只能提供几个月的信息，从而导致对DVM的理解不完整。解决这个问题很重要，因为DVM在全球海洋生物地球化学中具有至关重要的作用。这种食物的夜间进食和深层白天的新陈代谢为碳和养分的出口提供了一条有效途径（6-8）。在这里，我们使用来自安装在卫星上的光探测与测距（激光）仪器的观测值来描述来自DVM动物的光信号的全球分布，这些动物在晚上到达海面。我们的发现表明，这些动物通常在清晰的亚热带回旋流中占总浮游生物丰度的很大一部分，这与避免使用视觉掠食者是这些地区重要的生活策略的想法一致。另一方面，DVM的总生物量在生产力更高的区域中较高，在这些区域中，食物的供应量增加。此外，十年的卫星记录揭示了DVM生物量的显着时间趋势以及DVM生物量和地表生产力的相关变化。这些结果提供了全球DVM活动的详细视图，以及完善了其生物地球化学重要性的量化途径。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2019年第7786期|257-261|共5页
  • 作者

    Behrenfeld Michael J.; Gaube Peter; Della Penna Alice; OMalley Robert T.; Burt William J.; Hu Yongxiang; Bontempi Paula S.; Steinberg Deborah K.; Boss Emmanuel S.; Siegel David A.; Hostetler Chris A.; Tortell Philippe D.; Doney Scott C.;

  • 作者单位

    Oregon State Univ Dept Bot & Plant Pathol Corvallis OR 97331 USA;

    Univ Washington Appl Phys Lab Air Sea Interact & Remote Sensing Dept Seattle WA 98105 USA;

    Univ Washington Appl Phys Lab Air Sea Interact & Remote Sensing Dept Seattle WA 98105 USA|IUEM CNRS IFREMER Lab Sci Environm Marin LEMAR IRD UBO UMR 6539 Plouzane France;

    Univ British Columbia Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci Vancouver BC Canada|Univ Alaska Fairbanks Coll Fisheries & Ocean Sci Fairbanks AK USA;

    NASA Langley Res Ctr Hampton VA 23665 USA;

    Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm Headquarters Earth Sci Div Sci Mission Directorate Washington DC USA;

    Virginia Inst Marine Sci Coll William & Mary Gloucester Point VA 23062 USA;

    Univ Maine Sch Marine Sci Orono ME USA;

    Univ Calif Santa Barbara Earth Res Inst Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA|Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Geog Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA;

    Univ British Columbia Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci Vancouver BC Canada|Univ British Columbia Bot Dept Vancouver BC Canada;

    Univ Virginia Dept Environm Sci Clark Hall Charlottesville VA 22903 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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