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Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution

机译：约会来自赞比亚布罗肯希尔（Broken Hill）的头骨及其在人类进化中的位置

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摘要

The cranium from Broken Hill (Kabwe) was recovered from cave deposits in 1921, during metal ore mining in what is now Zambia(1). It is one of the best-preserved skulls of a fossil hominin, and was initially designated as the type specimen of Homo rhodesiensis, but recently it has often been included in the taxon Homo heidelbergensis(2-4). However, the original site has since been completely quarried away, and-although the cranium is often estimated to be around 500 thousand years old(5-7)-its unsystematic recovery impedes its accurate dating and placement in human evolution. Here we carried out analyses directly on the skull and found a best age estimate of 299 +/- 25 thousand years (mean +/- 2s). The result suggests that later Middle Pleistocene Africa contained multiple contemporaneous hominin lineages (that is, Homo sapiens(8,9), H. heidelbergensis/H. rhodesiensis and Homo naledi(10,11)), similar to Eurasia, where Homo neanderthalensis, the Denisovans, Homo floresiensis, Homo luzonensis and perhaps also Homo heidelbergensis and Homo erectus(12) were found contemporaneously. The age estimate also raises further questions about the mode of evolution of H. sapiens in Africa and whether H. heidelbergensis/H. rhodesiensis was a direct ancestor of our species(13,14).
机译：来自布罗肯希尔（Kabwe）的颅骨是在现在的赞比亚（1）进行金属矿石开采时于1921年从洞穴沉积物中回收的。它是人猿化石保存最完好的头骨之一，最初被指定为罗得岛人的类型标本，但最近它经常被包括在人海德堡人的分类中（2-4）。但是，此后的原始遗址已被完全开采，尽管颅骨通常被估计有50万年的历史（5-7），但其非系统性的恢复阻碍了其准确的年代和在人类进化中的位置。在这里，我们直接在头骨上进行了分析，发现最佳年龄估计为299 +/- 25,000年（平均+/- 2s）。结果表明，晚更新世的非洲大陆包含多个同时的人类素谱系（即智人（8,9），海德堡菌/ H。rhodesiensis和纳尔尼迪人（10,11）），类似于欧亚大陆，其中尼安德特人，同时发现了Denisovans，弗洛雷斯人，吕宋人以及海德堡人和直立人（12）。年龄估计还提出了关于非洲人的进化模式以及海德堡/ H的进一步疑问。罗得西亚是我们物种的直接祖先（13,14）。

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    《Nature》 |2020年第7803期|372-375|共4页
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    Griffith Univ Australian Res Ctr Human Evolut Nathan Qld Australia|Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Earth Sci Canberra ACT Australia;

    Univ Southampton Fac Humanities Southampton Hants England;

    Univ Coll Dublin UCD Sch Earth Sci Dublin Ireland;

    Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Earth Sci Canberra ACT Australia;

    Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Earth Sci Canberra ACT Australia|Griffith Univ Australian Res Ctr Human Evolut Gold Coast Qld Australia|Griffith Univ Griffith Ctr Social & Cultural Res Gold Coast Qld Australia;

    Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Earth Sci Canberra ACT Australia|Southern Cross Univ Geosci Lismore NSW Australia;

    Nat Hist Museum Dept Earth Sci London England;

    Univ Antilles Inst Systemat Evolut Biodiversite ISYEB Museum Natl Hist Nat CNRS Sorbonne Univ EPHE Paris France;

    Natl Museum Florisbad Quaternary Res Bloemfontein South Africa|Univ Free State Ctr Environm Management Bloemfontein South Africa;

    Griffith Univ Australian Res Ctr Human Evolut Nathan Qld Australia|Univ Queensland Sch Earth & Environm Sci St Lucia Qld Australia|Univ Wollongong Sch Earth Atmospher & Life Sci Wollongong NSW Australia;

    Nat Hist Museum CHER Dept Earth Sci London England;

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