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Imaging individual barium atoms in solid xenon for barium tagging in nEXO

机译：在Nexo中成像固体氙的单独钡原子

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摘要

Double-beta-decay involves the simultaneous conversion of two neutrons into two protons, and the emission of two electrons and two neutrinos; the neutrinoless process, although not yet observed, is thought to involve the emission of the two electrons but no neutrinos. The search for neutrinoless-double-beta-decay probes fundamental properties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrino are distinct particles. Double-beta-decay detectors are large and expensive, so it is essential to achieve the highest possible sensitivity with each study, and removing spurious contributions ('background') from detected signals is crucial. In the nEXO neutrinoless-double-beta-decay experiment, the identification, or 'tagging', of the Ba-136 daughter atom resulting from the double-beta decay of Xe-136 provides a technique for discriminating background. The tagging scheme studied here uses a cryogenic probe to trap the barium atom in a solid xenon matrix, where the barium atom is tagged through fluorescence imaging. Here we demonstrate the imaging and counting of individual barium atoms in solid xenon by scanning a focused laser across a solid xenon matrix deposited on a sapphire window. When the laser irradiates an individual atom, the fluorescence persists for about 30 seconds before dropping abruptly to the background level-a clear confirmation of one -atom imaging. Following evaporation of a barium deposit, the residual barium fluorescence is 0.16 per cent or less. Our technique achieves the imaging of single atoms in a solid noble element, establishing the basic principle of barium tagging for nEXO.
机译：双β衰减涉及将两个中子同时转换成两个质子，以及两个电子和两个中微子的发射;虽然尚未观察到虽然尚未观察到，尚未观察到涉及两个电子但没有中微子的发射。寻找中微子 - 双β-腐烂探测中微子的基本性质，包括中微子和抗内氨基是否是不同的颗粒。双β衰减探测器具有很大且昂贵，因此必须为每项研究实现最高的可能灵敏度，并从检测到的信号中移除虚假贡献（“背景'）至关重要。在Nexo中微子 - 双β-衰减实验中，由XE-136的双β衰减产生的BA-136子原子的识别或“标记”提供了一种辨别背景的技术。这里研究的标记方案使用低温探​​针将钡原子捕获在固体氙基质中，其中钡原子通过荧光成像标记。在这里，我们通过在沉积在蓝宝石窗口上的固体氙基质上扫描聚焦激光来证明固体氙中的个体钡原子的成像和计数。当激光照射单个原子时，荧光在突然滴到背景水平之前持续约30秒 - 清除一个-Atom成像的清晰确认。在蒸发钙沉积物之后，残留的钡荧光为0.16％或更低。我们的技术在实体贵族元素中实现了单个原子的成像，建立了Nexo的钡标记的基本原理。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2019年第7755期|203-207|共5页
  • 作者

    Chambers C.; Walton T.; Fairbank D.; Craycraft A.; Yahne D. R.; Todd J.; Iverson A.; Fairbank W.; Alamre A.; Albert J. B.; Anton G.; Arnquist I. J.; Badhrees I.; Barbeau P. S.; Beck D.; Belov V.; Bhatta T.; Bourque F.; Brodsky J. P.; Brown E.; Brunner T.; Burenkov A.; Cao G. F.; Cao L.; Cen W. R.; Charlebois S. A.; Chiu M.; Cleveland B.; Coon M.; Cote M.; Cree W.; Dalmasson J.; Daniels T.; Darroch L.; Daugherty S. J.; Daughhetee J.; Delaquis S.; Mesrobian-Kabakian A. Der; DeVoe R.; Dilling J.; Ding Y. Y.; Dolinski M. J.; Dragone A.; Echevers J.; Fabris L.; Farine J.; Feyzbakhsh S.; Fontaine R.; Fudenberg D.; Gallina G.; Giacomini G.; Gornea R.; Gratta G.; Hansen E. V.; Heffner M.; Hoppe E. W.; Hossl J.; House A.; Hufschmidt P.; Hughes M.; Ito Y.; Jamil A.; Jessiman C.; Jewell M. J.; Jiang X. S.; Karelin A.; Kaufman L. J.; Kodroff D.; Koffas T.; Kravitz S.; Krucken R.; Kuchenkov A.; Kumar K. S.; Lan Y.; Larson A.; Leonard D. S.; Li G.; Li S.; Li Z.; Licciardi C.; Lin Y. H.; Lv P.; MacLellan R.; Michel T.; Mong B.; Moore D. C.; Murray K.; Newby R. J.; Ning Z.; Njoya O.; Nolet F.; Nusair O.; Odgers K.; Odian A.; Oriunno M.; Orrell J. L.; Ortega G. S.; Ostrovskiy I.; Overman C. T.; Parent S.; Piepke A.; Pocar A.; Pratte J. -F.; Qiu D.; Radeka V.; Raguzin E.; Rao T.; Rescia S.; Retiere F.; Robinson A.; Rossignol T.; Rowson P. C.; Roy N.; Saldanha R.; Sangiorgio S.; Schmidt S.; Schneider J.; Schubert A.; Skarpaas K.; Soma A. K.; St-Hilaire G.; Stekhanov V.; Stiegler T.; Sun X. L.; Tarka M.; Tolba T.; Totev T. I.; Tsang R.; Tsang T.; Vachon F.; Veenstra B.; Veeraraghavan V.; Visser G.; Vuilleumier J. -L.; Wagenpfeil M.; Wang Q.; Watkins J.; Weber M.; Wei W.; Wen L. J.; Wichoski U.; Wrede G.; Wu S. X.; Wu W. H.; Xia Q.; Yang L.; Yen Y. -R.; Zeldovich O.; Zhang X.; Zhao J.; Zhou Y.; Ziegler T.;

  • 作者单位

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA|Prism Computat Sci Madison WI USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Colorado State Univ Dept Phys Ft Collins CO 80523 USA;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada;

    Indiana Univ Dept Phys Bloomington IN 47405 USA|Indiana Univ Ctr Explorat Energy & Matter Bloomington IN 47405 USA;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada|KACST Riyadh Saudi Arabia;

    Duke Univ Dept Phys Durham NC 27706 USA|Triangle Univ Nucl Lab Durham NC 27706 USA;

    Univ Illinois Dept Phys 1110 W Green St Urbana IL 61801 USA;

    Kurchatov Inst Natl Res Ctr Inst Theoret & Expt Phys Moscow Russia;

    Univ South Dakota Dept Phys Vermillion SD USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA;

    Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Phys Appl Phys & Astron Troy NY USA;

    McGill Univ Dept Phys Montreal PQ Canada|TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Kurchatov Inst Natl Res Ctr Inst Theoret & Expt Phys Moscow Russia;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China|Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing Peoples R China;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    Laurentian Univ Dept Phys Sudbury ON Canada|Sudbury Neutrino Observ Lab SNOLAB Sudbury ON Canada;

    Univ Illinois Dept Phys 1110 W Green St Urbana IL 61801 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Univ N Carolina Dept Phys & Phys Oceanog Wilmington NC USA;

    McGill Univ Dept Phys Montreal PQ Canada;

    Indiana Univ Dept Phys Bloomington IN 47405 USA|Indiana Univ Ctr Explorat Energy & Matter Bloomington IN 47405 USA;

    Univ South Dakota Dept Phys Vermillion SD USA;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Laurentian Univ Dept Phys Sudbury ON Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Drexel Univ Dept Phys Philadelphia PA 19104 USA;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Univ Illinois Dept Phys 1110 W Green St Urbana IL 61801 USA;

    Oak Ridge Natl Lab Oak Ridge TN USA;

    Laurentian Univ Dept Phys Sudbury ON Canada;

    Univ Massachusetts Amherst Ctr Fundamental Interact Amherst MA 01003 USA|Univ Massachusetts Dept Phys Amherst MA 01003 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada|TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Drexel Univ Dept Phys Philadelphia PA 19104 USA;

    Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Univ Alabama Dept Phys & Astron Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA;

    McGill Univ Dept Phys Montreal PQ Canada|Japan Atom Energy Agcy Tokai Ibaraki Japan;

    Yale Univ Dept Phys New Haven CT USA;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Kurchatov Inst Natl Res Ctr Inst Theoret & Expt Phys Moscow Russia;

    Indiana Univ Dept Phys Bloomington IN 47405 USA|Indiana Univ Ctr Explorat Energy & Matter Bloomington IN 47405 USA|SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Univ Massachusetts Amherst Ctr Fundamental Interact Amherst MA 01003 USA|Univ Massachusetts Dept Phys Amherst MA 01003 USA;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA|Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab Berkeley CA USA;

    TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Kurchatov Inst Natl Res Ctr Inst Theoret & Expt Phys Moscow Russia;

    SUNY Stony Brook Dept Phys & Astron Stony Brook NY 11794 USA;

    TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Univ South Dakota Dept Phys Vermillion SD USA;

    Ctr Underground Phys Inst Basic Sci Daejeon South Korea;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Univ Illinois Dept Phys 1110 W Green St Urbana IL 61801 USA;

    Yale Univ Dept Phys New Haven CT USA;

    Laurentian Univ Dept Phys Sudbury ON Canada;

    Drexel Univ Dept Phys Philadelphia PA 19104 USA|Sudbury Neutrino Observ Lab SNOLAB Sudbury ON Canada;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Univ South Dakota Dept Phys Vermillion SD USA;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Yale Univ Dept Phys New Haven CT USA;

    McGill Univ Dept Phys Montreal PQ Canada;

    Oak Ridge Natl Lab Oak Ridge TN USA;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    SUNY Stony Brook Dept Phys & Astron Stony Brook NY 11794 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Univ Alabama Dept Phys & Astron Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA;

    Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Phys Appl Phys & Astron Troy NY USA;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Univ Alabama Dept Phys & Astron Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Univ Alabama Dept Phys & Astron Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA;

    Univ Massachusetts Amherst Ctr Fundamental Interact Amherst MA 01003 USA|Univ Massachusetts Dept Phys Amherst MA 01003 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing Peoples R China;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    TRIUMF Vancouver BC Canada;

    Laurentian Univ Dept Phys Sudbury ON Canada;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA|Microsoft Corp Redmond WA 98052 USA;

    SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA USA;

    Univ Alabama Dept Phys & Astron Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Kurchatov Inst Natl Res Ctr Inst Theoret & Expt Phys Moscow Russia;

    Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Livermore CA USA;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Univ Massachusetts Amherst Ctr Fundamental Interact Amherst MA 01003 USA|Univ Massachusetts Dept Phys Amherst MA 01003 USA;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    McGill Univ Dept Phys Montreal PQ Canada;

    Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA;

    Brookhaven Natl Lab Upton NY 11973 USA;

    Univ Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ Canada;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada;

    Univ Alabama Dept Phys & Astron Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA;

    Indiana Univ Dept Phys Bloomington IN 47405 USA|Indiana Univ Ctr Explorat Energy & Matter Bloomington IN 47405 USA;

    Univ Bern Albert Einstein Ctr Lab High Energy Phys Bern Switzerland;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing Peoples R China;

    Carleton Univ Dept Phys Ottawa ON Canada;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Laurentian Univ Dept Phys Sudbury ON Canada;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

    Stanford Univ Dept Phys Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Yale Univ Dept Phys New Haven CT USA;

    Univ Illinois Dept Phys 1110 W Green St Urbana IL 61801 USA;

    Drexel Univ Dept Phys Philadelphia PA 19104 USA|Carnegie Mellon Univ Dept Phys Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA;

    Kurchatov Inst Natl Res Ctr Inst Theoret & Expt Phys Moscow Russia;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China|Tsinghua Univ Beijing Peoples R China;

    Inst High Energy Phys Beijing Peoples R China;

    Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing Peoples R China;

    Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg ECAP Erlangen Germany;

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