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Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams

机译：许多团队分析单个神经影像数据集的可变性

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摘要

Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses(1). The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset(2-5). Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed.The results obtained by seventy different teams analysing the same functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset show substantial variation, highlighting the influence of analytical choices and the importance of sharing workflows publicly and performing multiple analyses.
机译：许多科学域中的数据分析工作流已经变得越来越复杂和灵活。在这里，我们通过询问70个独立团队分析相同的数据集来评估这种灵活性对功能磁共振成像结果的影响，测试相同的9个ex-ante假设（1）。分析方法的灵活性是没有两个团队选择相同的工作流来分析数据的事实。这种灵活性导致假设试验结果的相当性变化，即使对于统计地图在分析管道的中间阶段高度相关的团队的团队也是如此。报告结果的变异与分析方法的若干方面有关。值得注意的是，跨团队汇总信息的元分析方法产生了激活区域的重要共识。此外，甚至通过直接了解数据集的研究人员（2-5）的研究人员，该领域的研究人员的预测市场揭示了重要发现的可能性。我们的研究结果表明，分析灵活性可以对科学结论具有实质性影响，并识别可能与功能磁共振成像分析中的可变性有关的因素。结果强调了验证和共享复杂分析工作流程的重要性，并证明了执行和报告相同数据的多次分析的需求。讨论了可用于减轻与分析变异性相关的问题的潜在方法。通过分析相同的功能磁共振成像数据集的70个不同的团队获得的结果显示了实质性的变化，突出了分析选择的影响以及公开分享工作流程的重要性多次分析。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2020年第7810期|84-88|共5页
  • 作者

    Botvinik-Nezer Rotem; Holzmeister Felix; Camerer Colin F.; Dreber Anna; Huber Juergen; Johannesson Magnus; Kirchler Michael; Iwanir Roni; Mumford Jeanette A.; Adcock R. Alison; Avesani Paolo; Baczkowski Blazej M.; Bajracharya Aahana; Bakst Leah; Ball Sheryl; Barilari Marco; Bault Nadege; Beaton Derek; Beitner Julia; Benoit Roland G.; Berkers Ruud M. W. J.; Bhanji Jamil P.; Biswal Bharat B.; Bobadilla-Suarez Sebastian; Bortolini Tiago; Bottenhorn Katherine L.; Bowring Alexander; Braem Senne; Brooks Hayley R.; Brudner Emily G.; Calderon Cristian B.; Camilleri Julia A.; Castrellon Jaime J.; Cecchetti Luca; Cieslik Edna C.; Cole Zachary J.; Collignon Olivier; Cox Robert W.; Cunningham William A.; Czoschke Stefan; Dadi Kamalaker; Davis Charles P.; Luca Alberto De; Delgado Mauricio R.; Demetriou Lysia; Dennison Jeffrey B.; Di Xin; Dickie Erin W.; Dobryakova Ekaterina; Donnat Claire L.; Dukart Juergen; Duncan Niall W.; Durnez Joke; Eed Amr; Eickhoff Simon B.; Erhart Andrew; Fontanesi Laura; Fricke G. Matthew; Fu Shiguang; Galvan Adriana; Gau Remi; Genon Sarah; Glatard Tristan; Glerean Enrico; Goeman Jelle J.; Golowin Sergej A. E.; Gonzalez-Garcia Carlos; Gorgolewski Krzysztof J.; Grady Cheryl L.; Green Mikella A.; Guassi Moreira Joao F.; Guest Olivia; Hakimi Shabnam; Hamilton J. Paul; Hancock Roeland; Handjaras Giacomo; Harry Bronson B.; Hawco Colin; Herholz Peer; Herman Gabrielle; Heunis Stephan; Hoffstaedter Felix; Hogeveen Jeremy; Holmes Susan; Hu Chuan-Peng; Huettel Scott A.; Hughes Matthew E.; Iacovella Vittorio; Iordan Alexandru D.; Isager Peder M.; Isik Ayse I.; Jahn Andrew; Johnson Matthew R.; Johnstone Tom; Joseph Michael J. E.; Juliano Anthony C.; Kable Joseph W.; Kassinopoulos Michalis; Koba Cemal; Kong Xiang-Zhen; Koscik Timothy R.; Kucukboyaci Nuri Erkut; Kuhl Brice A.; Kupek Sebastian; Laird Angela R.; Lamm Claus; Langner Robert; Lauharatanahirun Nina; Lee Hongmi; Lee Sangil; Leemans Alexander; Leo Andrea; Lesage Elise; Li Flora; Li Monica Y. C.; Lim Phui Cheng; Lintz Evan N.; Liphardt Schuyler W.; Losecaat Vermeer Annabel B.; Love Bradley C.; Mack Michael L.; Malpica Norberto; Marins Theo; Maumet Camille; McDonald Kelsey; McGuire Joseph T.; Melero Helena; Mendez Leal Adriana S.; Meyer Benjamin; Meyer Kristin N.; Mihai Glad; Mitsis Georgios D.; Moll Jorge; Nielson Dylan M.; Nilsonne Gustav; Notter Michael P.; Olivetti Emanuele; Onicas Adrian I.; Papale Paolo; Patil Kaustubh R.; Peelle Jonathan E.; Perez Alexandre; Pischedda Doris; Poline Jean-Baptiste; Prystauka Yanina; Ray Shruti; Reuter-Lorenz Patricia A.; Reynolds Richard C.; Ricciardi Emiliano; Rieck Jenny R.; Rodriguez-Thompson Anais M.; Romyn Anthony; Salo Taylor; Samanez-Larkin Gregory R.; Sanz-Morales Emilio; Schlichting Margaret L.; Schultz Douglas H.; Shen Qiang; Sheridan Margaret A.; Silvers Jennifer A.; Skagerlund Kenny; Smith Alec; Smith David V.; Sokol-Hessner Peter; Steinkamp Simon R.; Tashjian Sarah M.; Thirion Bertrand; Thorp John N.; Tinghog Gustav; Tisdall Loreen; Tompson Steven H.; Toro-Serey Claudio; Torre Tresols Juan Jesus; Tozzi Leonardo; Truong Vuong; Turella Luca; van t Veer Anna E.; Verguts Tom; Vettel Jean M.; Vijayarajah Sagana; Vo Khoi; Wall Matthew B.; Weeda Wouter D.; Weis Susanne; White David J.; Wisniewski David; Xifra-Porxas Alba; Yearling Emily A.; Yoon Sangsuk; Yuan Rui; Yuen Kenneth S. L.; Zhang Lei; Zhang Xu; Zosky Joshua E.; Nichols Thomas E.; Poldrack Russell A.; Schonberg Tom;

  • 作者单位

    Tel Aviv Univ Sagol Sch Neurosci Tel Aviv Israel|Tel Aviv Univ George S Wise Fac Life Sci Dept Neurobiol Tel Aviv Israel|Dartmouth Coll Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Hanover NH 03755 USA;

    Univ Innsbruck Dept Banking & Finance Innsbruck Austria;

    CALTECH HSS & CNS Pasadena CA 91125 USA;

    Stockholm Sch Econ Dept Econ Stockholm Sweden|Univ Innsbruck Dept Econ Innsbruck Austria;

    Univ Innsbruck Dept Banking & Finance Innsbruck Austria;

    Stockholm Sch Econ Dept Econ Stockholm Sweden;

    Univ Innsbruck Dept Banking & Finance Innsbruck Austria;

    Tel Aviv Univ Sagol Sch Neurosci Tel Aviv Israel|Tel Aviv Univ George S Wise Fac Life Sci Dept Neurobiol Tel Aviv Israel;

    Univ Wisconsin Ctr Hlth Minds Madison WI USA;

    Duke Univ Ctr Cognit Neurosci Durham NC USA|Duke Univ Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Durham NC USA|Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium|Karolinska Inst Dept Clin Neurosci Stockholm Sweden;

    Fdn Bruno Kessler Neuroinformat Lab Trento Italy|Univ Trento Ctr Mind Brain Sci CIMeC Rovereto Italy|Karolinska Inst Dept Clin Neurosci Stockholm Sweden;

    Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Dept Neurol Leipzig Germany;

    Washington Univ Dept Otolaryngol St Louis MO 63110 USA;

    Boston Univ Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Boston MA 02215 USA|Boston Univ Ctr Syst Neurosci Boston MA 02215 USA;

    Virginia Tech Dept Econ Blacksburg VA USA|Virginia Tech Sch Neurosci Blacksburg VA USA;

    UCLouvain Crossmodal Percept & Plast Lab Inst Res Psychol IPSY & Neurosci IoNS Louvain La Neuve Belgium;

    Univ Plymouth Sch Psychol Plymouth Devon England;

    Baycrest Hlth Sci Ctr Rotman Res Inst Toronto ON Canada;

    Univ Amsterdam Dept Psychol Amsterdam Netherlands|Goethe Univ Dept Psychol Frankfurt Germany;

    Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Max Planck Res Grp Adapt Memory Leipzig Germany;

    Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Max Planck Res Grp Adapt Memory Leipzig Germany;

    Rutgers State Univ Dept Psychol Newark NJ USA;

    New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Biomed Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA|Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Life Sci & Technol Chengdu Peoples R China;

    New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Biomed Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA;

    Florida Int Univ Dept Psychol Miami FL 33199 USA;

    Univ Oxford Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth Li Ka Shing Ctr Hlth Informat & Discovery Oxford Big Data Inst Oxford England;

    Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium|Vrije Univ Brussel Dept Psychol Brussels Belgium;

    Univ Denver Dept Psychol Denver CO 80208 USA;

    Rutgers State Univ Dept Psychol Newark NJ USA;

    Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Duke Univ Ctr Cognit Neurosci Durham NC USA|Duke Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA;

    Univ Trento Ctr Mind Brain Sci CIMeC Rovereto Italy|UCLouvain Crossmodal Percept & Plast Lab Inst Res Psychol IPSY & Neurosci IoNS Louvain La Neuve Belgium;

    NIMH NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA;

    Univ Toronto Dept Psychol Toronto ON Canada;

    Goethe Univ Inst Med Psychol Frankfurt Germany;

    Imperial Coll London Fac Med Sect Endocrinol & Invest Med London England|Univ Oxford Nuffield Dept Womens & Reprod Hlth Oxford England;

    Univ Connecticut Dept Psychol Sci Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Brain Imaging Res Ctr Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Connecticut Inst Brain & Cognit Sci Storrs CT USA;

    Univ Med Ctr Utrecht Image Sci Inst PROVIDI Lab Utrecht Netherlands;

    New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Biomed Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA;

    Imperial Coll London Fac Med Sect Endocrinol & Invest Med London England|Univ Oxford Nuffield Dept Womens & Reprod Hlth Oxford England;

    Temple Univ Dept Psychol Philadelphia PA 19122 USA;

    New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Biomed Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA|Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Life Sci & Technol Chengdu Peoples R China;

    Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth Campbell Family Mental Hlth Res Inst Krembil Ctr Neuroinformat Toronto ON Canada|Univ Toronto Dept Psychiat Toronto ON Canada;

    Kessler Fdn Ctr Traumat Brain Injury Res E Hanover NJ USA;

    Stanford Univ Dept Stat Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Taipei Med Univ Grad Inst Mind Brain & Consciousness Taipei Taiwan|TMU ShuangHo Hosp Brain & Consciousness Res Ctr New Taipei Taiwan;

    Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA USA|Stanford Univ Stanford Ctr Reproducible Neurosci Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    CSIC UMH Inst Neurociencias Alicante Spain;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Univ Denver Dept Psychol Denver CO 80208 USA;

    Univ Basel Fac Psychol Basel Switzerland;

    Univ New Mexico Dept Comp Sci Albuquerque NM 87131 USA;

    Zhejiang Univ Technol Sch Management Hangzhou Peoples R China|Zhejiang Univ Technol Inst Neuromanagement Hangzhou Peoples R China;

    Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA USA;

    UCLouvain Crossmodal Percept & Plast Lab Inst Res Psychol IPSY & Neurosci IoNS Louvain La Neuve Belgium;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Concordia Univ Dept Comp Sci & Software Engn Montreal PQ Canada;

    Aalto Univ Dept Neurosci & Biomed Engn Espoo Finland;

    Leiden Univ Med Ctr Dept Biomed Data Sci Leiden Netherlands;

    Leiden Univ Med Ctr Dept Biomed Data Sci Leiden Netherlands;

    Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium;

    Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Baycrest Hlth Sci Ctr Rotman Res Inst Toronto ON Canada;

    Duke Univ Ctr Cognit Neurosci Durham NC USA|Duke Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA USA;

    Res Ctr Interact Media Smart Syst & Emerging Tech Nicosia Cyprus;

    Duke Univ Ctr Cognit Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Linkoping Univ Dept Biomed & Clin Sci Ctr Social & Affect Neurosci Linkoping Sweden;

    Univ Connecticut Brain Imaging Res Ctr Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Connecticut Inst Brain & Cognit Sci Storrs CT USA;

    IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca MoMiLab Res Unit Lucca Italy;

    Western Sydney Univ MARCS Inst Brain Behav & Dev Sydney NSW Australia;

    Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth Campbell Family Mental Hlth Res Inst Toronto ON Canada;

    McGill Univ Fac Med Neuro Montreal Neurol Inst Hosp McConnell Brain Imaging Ctr Montreal PQ Canada;

    Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth Campbell Family Mental Hlth Res Inst Toronto ON Canada;

    Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Eindhoven Netherlands|Epilepsy Ctr Kempenhaeghe Dept Res & Dev Heeze Netherlands;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Univ New Mexico Dept Psychol Albuquerque NM 87131 USA|Univ New Mexico Psychol Clin Neurosci Ctr Albuquerque NM 87131 USA;

    Stanford Univ Dept Stat Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    LIR Mainz Germany;

    Duke Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Swinburne Univ Technol Sch Hlth Sci Hawthorn Vic Australia;

    Univ Trento Ctr Mind Brain Sci CIMeC Rovereto Italy;

    Univ Michigan Dept Psychol Ann Arbor MI USA;

    Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Ind Engn & Innovat Sci Eindhoven Netherlands;

    Max Planck Inst Empir Aesthet Dept Neurosci Frankfurt Germany;

    Univ Michigan FMRI Lab Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA;

    Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA|Univ Nebraska Ctr Brain Biol & Behav Lincoln NE USA;

    Swinburne Univ Technol Sch Hlth Sci Hawthorn Vic Australia;

    Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth Campbell Family Mental Hlth Res Inst Toronto ON Canada;

    Kessler Fdn Ctr Neuropsychol & Neurosci Res E Hanover NJ USA;

    Univ Penn Dept Psychol 3815 Walnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA|Univ Penn MindCORE Philadelphia PA 19104 USA;

    McGill Univ Grad Program Biol & Biomed Engn Montreal PQ Canada;

    IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca MoMiLab Res Unit Lucca Italy;

    Max Planck Inst Psycholinguist Language & Genet Dept Nijmegen Netherlands;

    Univ Iowa Dept Psychiat Carver Coll Med Iowa City IA 52242 USA;

    Univ Nebraska Ctr Brain Biol & Behav Lincoln NE USA|Rutgers New Jersey Med Sch Dept Phys Med & Rehabil Newark NJ USA;

    Univ Oregon Dept Psychol Eugene OR 97403 USA;

    Univ Innsbruck Fac Econ & Stat Innsbruck Austria;

    Florida Int Univ Dept Phys Miami FL 33199 USA;

    Univ Vienna Fac Psychol Dept Cognit Emot & Methods Psychol Vienna Austria|Univ Vienna Vienna Cognit Sci Hub Vienna Austria;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    US CCDC Army Res Lab Human Res & Engn Directorate Aberdeen Proving Ground MD USA|Univ Penn Annenberg Sch Commun Philadelphia PA 19104 USA;

    US CCDC Army Res Lab Human Res & Engn Directorate Aberdeen Proving Ground MD USA;

    Univ Penn Dept Psychol 3815 Walnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA;

    Univ Med Ctr Utrecht Image Sci Inst PROVIDI Lab Utrecht Netherlands;

    IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca MoMiLab Res Unit Lucca Italy;

    Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium;

    Fralin Biomed Res Inst Roanoke VA USA|Nanjing Audit Univ Econ Expt Lab Nanjing Peoples R China;

    Univ Connecticut Dept Psychol Sci Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Brain Imaging Res Ctr Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Connecticut Inst Brain & Cognit Sci Storrs CT USA|Haskins Labs Inc New Haven CT USA;

    Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA|Univ Nebraska Ctr Brain Biol & Behav Lincoln NE USA;

    Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA;

    Univ New Mexico Dept Biol Albuquerque NM 87131 USA;

    Univ Vienna Fac Psychol Dept Cognit Emot & Methods Psychol Vienna Austria;

    Alan Turing Inst London England;

    Univ Toronto Dept Psychol Toronto ON Canada;

    Univ Rey Juan Carlos Lab Anal Imagen Med & Biometria LAIMBIO Madrid Spain;

    UCL Dept Expt Psychol London England|DOr Inst Res & Educ IDOR Rio De Janeiro Brazil;

    Univ Rennes Empenn ERL U 1228 IRISA UMR 6074 CNRS INSERM INRIA Rennes France;

    Duke Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Boston Univ Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Boston MA 02215 USA|Boston Univ Ctr Syst Neurosci Boston MA 02215 USA;

    Univ Rey Juan Carlos Lab Anal Imagen Med & Biometria LAIMBIO Madrid Spain|CES Cardenal Cisneros Div Psicol Dept Psicobiol Madrid Spain|Northeastern Univ Biomed Imaging Ctr Boston MA 02115 USA;

    Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA USA;

    LIR Mainz Germany|Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz Neuroimaging Ctr NIC Focus Program Translat Neurosci FTN Med Ctr Mainz Mainz Germany;

    Univ N Carolina Dept Psychol & Neurosci Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA;

    Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Max Planck Res Grp Neural Mech Human Commun Leipzig Germany|Tech Univ Dresden Fac Psychol Chair Cognit & Clin Neurosci Dresden Germany;

    McGill Univ Dept Bioengn Montreal PQ Canada;

    UCL Dept Expt Psychol London England|DOr Inst Res & Educ IDOR Rio De Janeiro Brazil|Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    NIMH Data Sci & Sharing Team NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA;

    Karolinska Inst Dept Clin Neurosci Stockholm Sweden|Stockholm Univ Dept Psychol Stockholm Sweden;

    Univ Hosp Ctr Dept Radiol Lab Invest Neurophysiol LINE Lausanne Switzerland|Univ Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland;

    Fdn Bruno Kessler Neuroinformat Lab Trento Italy|Univ Trento Ctr Mind Brain Sci CIMeC Rovereto Italy;

    IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca MoMiLab Res Unit Lucca Italy;

    IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca MoMiLab Res Unit Lucca Italy|Netherlands Inst Neurosci Dept Vis & Cognit Amsterdam Netherlands;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Washington Univ Dept Otolaryngol St Louis MO 63110 USA;

    McGill Univ Fac Med Neuro Montreal Neurol Inst Hosp McConnell Brain Imaging Ctr Montreal PQ Canada;

    Charite Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci Berlin Germany|Charite Berlin Ctr Adv Neuroimaging Berlin Germany|Charite Neurol Clin Berlin Germany|Free Univ Berlin Berlin Germany|Humboldt Univ Berlin Germany|Berlin Inst Hlth Berlin Germany|Tech Univ Berlin Cluster Excellence Sci Intelligence Berlin Germany|Humboldt Univ Berlin Germany|NeuroMI Milan Ctr Neurosci Milan Italy;

    McGill Univ Fac Med Neuro Montreal Neurol Inst Hosp McConnell Brain Imaging Ctr Montreal PQ Canada|Univ Calif Berkeley Helen Wills Neurosci Inst Henry H Wheeler Jr Brain Imaging Ctr Berkeley CA 94720 USA;

    Univ Connecticut Dept Psychol Sci Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Brain Imaging Res Ctr Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Connecticut Inst Brain & Cognit Sci Storrs CT USA;

    New Jersey Inst Technol Dept Biomed Engn Newark NJ 07102 USA;

    Univ Michigan Dept Psychol Ann Arbor MI USA;

    NIMH Sci & Stat Comp Core NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA;

    IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca MoMiLab Res Unit Lucca Italy;

    Baycrest Hlth Sci Ctr Rotman Res Inst Toronto ON Canada;

    Univ N Carolina Dept Psychol & Neurosci Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA;

    Univ Toronto Dept Psychol Toronto ON Canada;

    Florida Int Univ Dept Psychol Miami FL 33199 USA;

    Duke Univ Ctr Cognit Neurosci Durham NC USA|Duke Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Univ Rey Juan Carlos Lab Anal Imagen Med & Biometria LAIMBIO Madrid Spain;

    Univ Toronto Dept Psychol Toronto ON Canada;

    Dartmouth Coll Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Hanover NH 03755 USA|Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA;

    Zhejiang Univ Technol Sch Management Hangzhou Peoples R China|Zhejiang Univ Technol Inst Neuromanagement Hangzhou Peoples R China;

    Alan Turing Inst London England;

    Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA USA;

    Linkoping Univ Dept Behav Sci & Learning Linkoping Sweden|Linkoping Univ Dept Clin & Expt Med Ctr Social & Affect Neurosci Linkoping Sweden;

    Virginia Tech Dept Econ Blacksburg VA USA|Virginia Tech Sch Neurosci Blacksburg VA USA;

    Temple Univ Dept Psychol Philadelphia PA 19122 USA;

    Univ Denver Dept Psychol Denver CO 80208 USA;

    Res Ctr Julich Cognit Neuroscience INM 3 Inst Neurosci & Med Julich Germany;

    Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA USA;

    Univ Paris Saclay CEA Inria Palaiseau France;

    Columbia Univ Dept Psychol New York NY 10027 USA;

    Linkoping Univ Dept Management & Engn Linkoping Sweden|Linkoping Univ Dept Hlth Med & Caring Sci Linkoping Sweden;

    Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA|Univ Basel Ctr Cognit & Decis Sci Basel Switzerland;

    US CCDC Army Res Lab Human Res & Engn Directorate Aberdeen Proving Ground MD USA;

    Boston Univ Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Boston MA 02215 USA|Boston Univ Ctr Syst Neurosci Boston MA 02215 USA;

    Univ Paris Saclay CEA Inria Palaiseau France;

    Stanford Univ Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Sch Med Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Taipei Med Univ Grad Inst Mind Brain & Consciousness Taipei Taiwan|TMU ShuangHo Hosp Brain & Consciousness Res Ctr New Taipei Taiwan;

    Univ Trento Ctr Mind Brain Sci CIMeC Rovereto Italy;

    Leiden Univ Inst Psychol Methodol & Stat Unit Leiden Netherlands;

    Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium;

    US Combat Capabil Dev Command Army Res Lab Aberdeen MD USA|Univ Calif Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA|Univ Penn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA;

    Univ Toronto Dept Psychol Toronto ON Canada;

    Duke Univ Ctr Cognit Neurosci Durham NC USA|Duke Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Durham NC USA;

    Invicro London England|Imperial Coll London Fac Med London England|UCL Clin Psychopharmacol Unit London England;

    Leiden Univ Inst Psychol Methodol & Stat Unit Leiden Netherlands;

    Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med Brain & Behav INM 7 Julich Germany|Heinrich Heine Univ Dusseldorf Inst Syst Neurosci Fac Med Dusseldorf Germany;

    Imperial Coll London Fac Med London England;

    Univ Ghent Dept Expt Psychol Ghent Belgium;

    McGill Univ Grad Program Biol & Biomed Engn Montreal PQ Canada;

    Univ Connecticut Dept Psychol Sci Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Brain Imaging Res Ctr Storrs CT USA;

    Univ Dayton Sch Business Dept Management & Mkt Dayton OH 45469 USA;

    Stanford Univ Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Sch Med Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Duke Univ Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci Durham NC USA|LIR Mainz Germany|Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz Neuroimaging Ctr NIC Focus Program Translat Neurosci FTN Med Ctr Mainz Mainz Germany;

    Univ Vienna Fac Psychol Dept Cognit Emot & Methods Psychol Vienna Austria;

    Univ Connecticut Brain Imaging Res Ctr Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Connecticut Inst Brain & Cognit Sci Storrs CT USA|Univ Connecticut Dept Biomed Engn Storrs CT USA;

    Univ Nebraska Dept Psychol Lincoln NE 68588 USA|Univ Nebraska Ctr Brain Biol & Behav Lincoln NE USA;

    Univ Oxford Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth Li Ka Shing Ctr Hlth Informat & Discovery Oxford Big Data Inst Oxford England;

    Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Tel Aviv Univ Sagol Sch Neurosci Tel Aviv Israel|Tel Aviv Univ George S Wise Fac Life Sci Dept Neurobiol Tel Aviv Israel;

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