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A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society

机译：巨大的新石器时代社会中的尾声精英

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Abstract The nature and distribution of political power in Europe during the Neolithic era remains poorly understood1. During this period, many societies began to invest heavily in building monuments, which suggests an increase in social organization. The scale and sophistication of megalithic architecture along the Atlantic seaboard, culminating in the great passage tomb complexes, is particularly impressive2. Although co-operative ideology has often been emphasised as a driver of megalith construction1, the human expenditure required to erect the largest monuments has led some researchers to emphasize hierarchy3—of which the most extreme case is a small elite marshalling the labour of the masses. Here we present evidence that a social stratum of this type was established during the Neolithic period in Ireland. We sampled 44 whole genomes, among which we identify the adult son of a first-degree incestuous union from remains that were discovered within the most elaborate recess of the Newgrange passage tomb. Socially sanctioned matings of this nature are very rare, and are documented almost exclusively among politico-religious elites4—specifically within polygynous and patrilineal royal families that are headed by god-kings5,6. We identify relatives of this individual within two other major complexes of passage tombs 150 km to the west of Newgrange, as well as dietary differences and fine-scale haplotypic structure (which is unprecedented in resolution for a prehistoric population) between passage tomb samples and the larger dataset, which together imply hierarchy. This elite emerged against a backdrop of rapid maritime colonization that displaced a unique Mesolithic isolate population, although we also detected rare Irish hunter-gatherer introgression within the Neolithic population.
机译：摘要新石器时代时代欧洲政治权力的性质和分布仍然差不多。在此期间，许多社会开始在大量建立古迹中投资，这表明社会组织增加。沿着大西洋海岸的巨石建筑的规模和复杂性，最终在伟大的通道墓穴中，特别是令人印象深刻的2。虽然合作思想经常被强调为巨石建设的驾驶员，但勃起最大纪念碑所需的人力支出导致了一些研究人员强调了最极端的案例是一个小精英编组群众的小精英。在这里，我们提出了证据表明，在爱尔兰的新石器时代期间建立了这种类型的社会阶层。我们采样了44个全基因组，其中我们确定了从NewGrange通道坟墓的最精心休息中发现的一定程度乱伦联盟的成年儿子。这种性质的社会批处利的分裂是非常罕见的，并且在政治宗教优质产量4中几乎完全被记录 - 特别是由上帝君王5,6领导的多居和父族皇室家庭。我们将这个个人的亲属识别在古代墓葬墓中的另外两家主要复合体中，以及饮食差异和微尺度的单倍型结构（在史前人群的决议中前所未有），古墓样本和更大的数据集，其中包含层次结构。这种精英兑换了快速海上殖民化的背景，虽然我们在新石器时代人口中发现了罕见的爱尔兰猎人收集器血气突出，但这种精英造成了迅速的海上殖民地。

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