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A giant soft-shelled egg from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica

机译：来自南极洲后期白垩纪的巨型软壳蛋

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摘要

Egg size and structure reflect important constraints on the reproductive and life-history characteristics of vertebrates(1). More than two-thirds of all extant amniotes lay eggs(2). During the Mesozoic era (around 250 million to 65 million years ago), body sizes reached extremes; nevertheless, the largest known egg belongs to the only recently extinct elephant bird(3), which was roughly 66 million years younger than the last nonavian dinosaurs and giant marine reptiles. Here we report a new type of egg discovered in nearshore marine deposits from the Late Cretaceous period (roughly 68 million years ago) of Antarctica. It exceeds all nonavian dinosaur eggs in volume and differs from them in structure. Although the elephant bird egg is slightly larger, its eggshell is roughly five times thicker and shows a substantial prismatic layer and complex pore structure(4). By contrast, the new fossil, visibly collapsed and folded, presents a thin eggshell with a layered structure that lacks a prismatic layer and distinct pores, and is similar to that of most extant lizards and snakes (Lepidosauria)(5). The identity of the animal that laid the egg is unknown, but these preserved morphologies are consistent with the skeletal remains of mosasaurs (large marine lepidosaurs) found nearby. They are not consistent with described morphologies of dinosaur eggs of a similar size class. Phylogenetic analyses of traits for 259 lepidosaur species plus outgroups suggest that the egg belonged to an individual that was at least 7 metres long, hypothesized to be a giant marine reptile, all clades of which have previously been proposed to show live birth(6). Such a large egg with a relatively thin eggshell may reflect derived constraints associated with body shape, reproductive investment linked with gigantism, and lepidosaurian viviparity, in which a 'vestigial' egg is laid and hatches immediately(7).A fossil egg unearthed from Cretaceous deposits in Antarctica is more than 20 cm long, exceeds all known nonavian eggs in volume, is soft-shelled, and was perhaps laid by a giant marine lizard such as a mosasaur.
机译：鸡蛋尺寸和结构反映了对脊椎动物的生殖和生命历史特征的重要限制（1）。超过三分之二的所有现存羊水蛋白撒上鸡蛋（2）。在中生代时代（约2.5亿到6500万年前），身体尺寸达到极端;然而，最大的已知蛋属于唯一最近灭绝的大象鸟（3），比上次义瓦恐龙和巨型海洋爬行动物更年轻6600万年。在这里，我们举报了来自晚餐时期的近岸海洋沉积物中发现的新型鸡蛋（大约6800万年前）南极洲。它超过了所有Nonavian恐龙鸡蛋，并与它们不同于结构。虽然大象鸟蛋略大，但其蛋壳大约五倍厚，并且显示了大量棱柱层和复杂的孔结构（4）。相比之下，新化石，明显折叠和折叠，具有薄蛋壳，其层状结构缺乏棱柱层和不同的毛孔，并且类似于大多数现存蜥蜴和蛇（尿糖尿段）（5）。铺设卵的动物的身份是未知的，但这些保存的形态与在附近发现的Mosasaurs（大海叶龙）的骨骼残骸一致。它们与相似尺寸类的恐龙蛋的形态不一致。 59种Lepidosa龙种的系统系统发育分析加上小组表明，鸡蛋属于一个至少7米长的个人，假设是一个巨大的海上爬行动物，所有这些人以前已经提出显示活产出生（6）。这种具有相对较薄的蛋壳的大蛋可以反映与身体形状，与胶集相关的生殖投资相关的衍生约束，以及鳞翅目viviparity，其中'匍匐的'鸡蛋立即被铺设和孵化（7）。从白垩纪挖掘出来的化石鸡蛋南极洲的矿床长度超过20厘米，超过所有已知的鸡蛋体积，是软壳，也许是由Mosaur等巨型海洋蜥蜴铺设。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2020年第7816期|411-414|共4页
  • 作者

    Legendre Lucas J.; Rubilar-Rogers David; Musser Grace M.; Davis Sarah N.; Otero Rodrigo A.; Vargas Alexander O.; Clarke Julia A.;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Texas Austin Dept Geol Sci Austin TX 78712 USA;

    Museo Nacl Hist Nat Area Paleontol Santiago Chile;

    Univ Texas Austin Dept Geol Sci Austin TX 78712 USA;

    Univ Texas Austin Dept Geol Sci Austin TX 78712 USA;

    Univ Chile Fac Ciencias Dept Biol Santiago Chile;

    Univ Chile Fac Ciencias Dept Biol Santiago Chile;

    Univ Texas Austin Dept Geol Sci Austin TX 78712 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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