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The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

机译：欧亚西部草原的家畜的起源和传播

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摘要

Analysis of 273 ancient horse genomes reveals that modern domestic horses originated in the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region.Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare(1). However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling(2-4) at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc(3). Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia(5) and Anatolia(6), have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association(7) between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc(8,9) driving the spread of Indo-European languages(10). This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture(11,12).
机译：分析273个古马基因组织揭示了现代国内马源于西欧亚草原，特别是伏尔格加唐地区的较低伏格加地区。马匹最根本改变了远程流动性和战争（1）。然而，现代驯化品种不会从最早的国内马血管下降，与伯伊·中亚的博览会，挤奶和康复（2-4）的考古证据有关，中亚3500年（3）（3）。其他长期候选地区的马归驯化，如伊比利亚（5）和Anatolia（6），也已经受到挑战。因此，现代家畜的遗传，地理和颞突起仍然是未知的。在这里，我们挑选了西欧洲的草原，特别是伏尔格加唐地区，作为现代国产马的家园。此外，我们将围绕273古马基因组的驯化映射人口变化。这揭示了现代国产马最终取代了几乎所有其他当地人口，因为它们从大约2000年的欧亚公元前迅速扩展到2000年，同时地与马术材料文化同步，包括Sintashta辐条轮椅。我们发现马术主义涉及在GSDMC和ZFPM1基因的关键运动和行为适应的强烈选择。我们的结果驳回了骑马骑行与山区草原牧民的大约3000年（8,9）欧洲骑马和大规模扩建的常设协会（8,9）推动了欧洲欧洲语言（10）。这与亚洲的情景形成鲜明对比，其中印度伊朗语言，夏天和马一起传播在一起，继早期的第二千年BC Sintashta培养物（11,12）。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2021年第7882期|634-640|共7页
  • 作者

    Librado Pablo; Khan Naveed; Fages Antoine; Kusliy Mariya A.; Suchan Tomasz; Tonasso-Calviere Laure; Schiavinato Stephanie; Alioglu Duha; Fromentier Aurore; Perdereau Aude; Aury Jean-Marc; Gaunitz Charleen; Chauvey Lorelei; Seguin-Orlando Andaine; Der Sarkissian Clio; Southon John; Shapiro Beth; Tishkin Alexey A.; Kovalev Alexey A.; Alquraishi Saleh; Alfarhan Ahmed H.; Al-Rasheid Khaled A. S.; Seregely Timo; Klassen Lutz; Iversen Rune; Bignon-Lau Olivier; Bodu Pierre; Olive Monique; Castel Jean-Christophe; Boudadi-Maligne Myriam; Alvarez Nadir; Germonpre Mietje; Moskal-del Hoyo Magdalena; Wilczynski Jaroslaw; Pospula Sylwia; Lasota-Kus Anna; Tunia Krzysztof; Nowak Marek; Rannamae Eve; Saarma Urmas; Boeskorov Gennady; Lougas Lembi; Kysely Rene; Peske Lubomir; Balasescu Adrian; Dumitrascu Valentin; Dobrescu Roxana; Gerber Daniel; Kiss Viktoria; Szecsenyi-Nagy Anna; Mende Balazs G.; Gallina Zsolt; Somogyi Krisztina; Kulcsar Gabriella; Gal Erika; Bendrey Robin; Allentoft Morten E.; Sirbu Ghenadie; Dergachev Valentin; Shephard Henry; Tomadini Noemie; Grouard Sandrine; Kasparov Aleksei; Basilyan Alexander E.; Anisimov Mikhail A.; Nikolskiy Pavel A.; Pavlova Elena Y.; Pitulko Vladimir; Brem Gottfried; Wallner Barbara; Schwall Christoph; Keller Marcel; Kitagawa Keiko; Bessudnov Alexander N.; Bessudnov Alexander; Taylor William; Magail Jerome; Gantulga Jamiyan-Ombo; Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav; Erdenebaatar Diimaajav; Tabaldiev Kubatbeek; Mijiddorj Enkhbayar; Boldgiv Bazartseren; Tsagaan Turbat; Pruvost Melanie; Olsen Sandra; Makarewicz Cheryl A.; Valenzuela Lamas Silvia; Albizuri Canadell Silvia; Nieto Espinet Ariadna; Iborra Ma Pilar; Lira Garrido Jaime; Rodriguez Gonzalez Esther; Celestino Sebastian; Olaria Carmen; Arsuaga Juan Luis; Kotova Nadiia; Pryor Alexander; Crabtree Pam; Zhumatayev Rinat; Toleubaev Abdesh; Morgunova Nina L.; Kuznetsova Tatiana; Lordkipanize David; Marzullo Matilde; Prato Ornella; Bagnasco Gianni Giovanna; Tecchiati Umberto; Clavel Benoit; Lepetz Sebastien; Davoudi Hossein; Mashkour Marjan; Berezina Natalia Ya.; Stockhammer Philipp W.; Krause Johannes; Haak Wolfgang; Morales-Muniz Arturo; Benecke Norbert; Hofreiter Michael; Ludwig Arne; Graphodatsky Alexander S.; Peters Joris; Kiryushin Kirill Yu.; Iderkhangai Tumur-Ochir; Bokovenko Nikolay A.; Vasiliev Sergey K.; Seregin Nikolai N.; Chugunov Konstantin V; Plasteeva Natalya A.; Baryshnikov Gennady F.; Petrova Ekaterina; Sablin Mikhail; Ananyevskaya Elina; Logvin Andrey; Shevnina Irina; Logvin Victor; Kalieva Saule; Loman Valeriy; Kukushkin Igor; Merz Ilya; Merz Victor; Sakenov Sergazy; Varfolomeyev Victor; Usmanova Emma; Zaibert Viktor; Arbuckle Benjamin; Belinskiy Andrey B.; Kalmykov Alexej; Reinhold Sabine; Hansen Svend; Yudin Aleksandr I.; Vybornov Alekandr A.; Epimakhov Andrey; Berezina Natalia S.; Roslyakova Natalia; Kosintsev Pavel A.; Kuznetsov Pavel F.; Anthony David; Kroonen Guus J.; Kristiansen Kristian; Wincker Patrick; Outram Alan; Orlando Ludovic;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France|Abdul Wali Khan Univ Dept Biotechnol Mardan Pakistan;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France|RAS Inst Mol & Cellular Biol SB Dept Divers & Evolut Genomes Novosibirsk Russia;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France|Polish Acad Sci W Szafer Inst Bot Krakow Poland;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paris Saclay CEA Inst Biol Francois Jacob Genoscope Evry France;

    Univ Paris Saclay Univ Evry Inst Biol Francois Jacob CNRS CEA Genoscope Genom Metabol Evry France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

    Univ Calif Irvine Earth Syst Sci Dept Irvine CA USA;

    Univ Calif Santa Cruz Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA|Univ Calif Santa Cruz Howard Hughes Med Inst Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA;

    Altai State Univ Dept Archaeol Ethnog & Museol Barnaul Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci Inst Archaeol Dept Archaeol Heritage Preservat Moscow Russia;

    King Saud Univ Coll Sci Dept Zool Riyadh Saudi Arabia;

    King Saud Univ Coll Sci Dept Zool Riyadh Saudi Arabia;

    King Saud Univ Coll Sci Dept Zool Riyadh Saudi Arabia;

    Univ Bamberg Inst Archaeol Heritage Conservat Studies & Art Hi Bamberg Germany;

    Museum Ostjylland Randers Denmark;

    Univ Copenhagen Saxo Inst Sect Archaeol Copenhagen Denmark;

    MSH Mondes CNRS Equipe Ethnol Prehist ArScAN UMR 7041 Nanterre France;

    MSH Mondes CNRS Equipe Ethnol Prehist ArScAN UMR 7041 Nanterre France;

    MSH Mondes CNRS Equipe Ethnol Prehist ArScAN UMR 7041 Nanterre France;

    Museum Hist Nat Secteur Vertebres Geneva Switzerland;

    Univ Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5199 Prehist Actuel Culture Environm & Anthro Pessac France;

    Geneva Nat Hist Museum Geneva Switzerland|Univ Geneva Dept Genet & Evolut Geneva Switzerland;

    Royal Belgian Inst Nat Sci OD Earth & Hist Life Brussels Belgium;

    Polish Acad Sci W Szafer Inst Bot Krakow Poland;

    Polish Acad Sci Inst Systemat & Evolut Anim Krakow Poland;

    Polish Acad Sci Inst Systemat & Evolut Anim Krakow Poland;

    Polish Acad Sci Inst Archaeol & Ethnol Krakow Poland;

    Polish Acad Sci Inst Archaeol & Ethnol Krakow Poland;

    Polish Acad Sci Inst Archaeol Krakow Poland;

    Inst Hist & Archaeol Dept Archaeol Tartu Estonia;

    Univ Tartu Inst Ecol & Earth Sci Dept Zool Tartu Estonia;

    SB RAS Diamond & Precious Met Geol Inst Yakutsk Russia;

    Tallinn Univ Archaeol Res Collect Tallinn Estonia;

    Polish Acad Sci Inst Archaeol & Ethnol Krakow Poland|Czech Acad Sci Inst Archaeol Dept Nat Sci & Archaeometry Prague Czech Republic;

    Romanian Acad Dept Bioarchaeol Vasile Parvan Inst Archaeol Bucharest Romania;

    Romanian Acad Dept Bioarchaeol Vasile Parvan Inst Archaeol Bucharest Romania;

    Romanian Acad Dept Bioarchaeol Vasile Parvan Inst Archaeol Bucharest Romania;

    Eotvos Lorand Res Network Res Ctr Humanities Inst Archaeogenom Budapest Hungary|Eotvos Lorand Univ Dept Genet Budapest Hungary;

    Eotvos Lorand Res Network Res Ctr Humanities Inst Archaeol Budapest Hungary;

    Eotvos Lorand Res Network Res Ctr Humanities Inst Archaeogenom Budapest Hungary;

    Eotvos Lorand Res Network Res Ctr Humanities Inst Archaeogenom Budapest Hungary;

    Asatars Ltd Kecskemet Hungary;

    Rippl Ronai Municipal Museum Country Scope Kaposvar Hungary;

    Eotvos Lorand Res Network Res Ctr Humanities Inst Archaeol Budapest Hungary;

    Eotvos Lorand Res Network Res Ctr Humanities Inst Archaeol Budapest Hungary;

    Univ Edinburgh Old Med Sch Sch Hist Class & Archaeol Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland;

    Curtin Univ Sch Mol & Life Sci Trace & Environm DNA TrEnD Lab Perth WA Australia|Univ Copenhagen GLOBE Inst Lundbeck Fdn GeoGenet Ctr Copenhagen Denmark;

    Moldavian Acad Sci Dept Acad Management Kishinev Moldova;

    Moldavian Acad Sci Inst Cultural Heritage Ctr Archaeol Kishinev Moldova;

    Archaeol Inst Amer Boston MA USA;

    Archeobot AASPE Archeozool Museum Natl Hist Nat CNRS CP 56 Paris France;

    Archeobot AASPE Archeozool Museum Natl Hist Nat CNRS CP 56 Paris France;

    Russian Acad Sci IHMC RAS Inst Hist Mat Culture St Petersburg Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci Inst Geol Moscow Russia;

    Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst St Petersburg Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci Inst Geol Moscow Russia;

    Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst St Petersburg Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci IHMC RAS Inst Hist Mat Culture St Petersburg Russia;

    Univ Vet Med Vienna Inst Anim Breeding & Genet Vienna Austria;

    Univ Vet Med Vienna Inst Anim Breeding & Genet Vienna Austria;

    Austrian Acad Sci Austrian Archaeol Inst Dept Prehist & Western Asian Northeast African Ar Vienna Austria;

    Univ Tartu Inst Genom Estonian Bioctr Tartu Estonia|Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist Dept Archaeogenet Jena Germany;

    Univ Tubingen SFB 1070 Resource Cultures Tubingen Germany|Univ Tubingen Dept Early Prehist & Quaternary Ecol Tubingen Germany|CNRS UPVD Museum Natl Hist Nat UMR 7194 Paris France;

    Semenov Tyan Shanskii Lipetsk State Pedag Univ Lipetsk Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci IHMC RAS Inst Hist Mat Culture St Petersburg Russia;

    Univ Colorado Museum Nat Hist Boulder CO 80309 USA;

    Musee Anthropol Prehist Monaco Monaco Monaco;

    Mongolian Acad Sci Inst Archaeol Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Chinggis Khaan Museum Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Ulaanbaatar State Univ Dept Archaeol Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Kyrgyz Turkish Manas Univ Dept Hist Bishkek Kyrgyzstan;

    Ulaanbaatar State Univ Dept Archaeol Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Natl Univ Mongolia Dept Biol Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Chinggis Khaan Museum Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Univ Bordeaux CNRS UMR 5199 Prehist Actuel Culture Environm & Anthro Pessac France;

    Univ Kansas Archaeol Div Biodivers Inst Lawrence KS 66045 USA;

    Univ Kiel Inst Prehist & Protohist Archaeol Kiel Germany|Univ Kiel ROOTS Excellence Cluster Kiel Germany;

    Consejo Super Invest Cient IMF CSIC Inst Mila & Fontanals Humanitats Archaeol Social Dynam Barcelona Spain;

    Univ Barcelona Dept Hist & Arqueol SERP Barcelona Spain;

    Univ Lleida PID2019 110022GB 100 Grp Invest Prehist Lleida Spain;

    Univ Extremadura Fac Vet Dept Med Anim Caceres Spain|Ctr Mixto UCM ISCIII Evoluc & Comportamiento Huma Madrid Spain;

    CSIC Junta Extremadura Inst Arqueol Merida Spain;

    CSIC Junta Extremadura Inst Arqueol Merida Spain;

    Univ Jaume 1 Lab Arqueol Prehist Castellon de La Plana Spain;

    Ctr Mixto UCM ISCIII Evoluc & Comportamiento Huma Madrid Spain|Univ Complutense Madrid Fac Ciencias Geol Dept Geodinam Estratig & Paleontol Madrid Spain;

    Natl Acad Sci Ukraine Inst Archaeol Dept Eneolith & Bronze Age Kiev Ukraine;

    Univ Exeter Dept Archaeol Exeter Devon England;

    NYU Dept Anthropol Ctr Study Human Origins New York NY 10003 USA;

    Al Farabi Kazakh Natl Univ Dept Archaeol Ethnol & Museol Alma Ata Kazakhstan;

    Al Farabi Kazakh Natl Univ Dept Archaeol Ethnol & Museol Alma Ata Kazakhstan;

    Orenburg State Pedag Univ Sci Res Dept Orenburg Russia;

    Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ Fac Geol Dept Palaeontol Moscow Russia|Kazan Fed Univ Inst Geol & Petr Technol Kazan Russia;

    Georgian Natl Museum Tbilisi Georgia|Tbilisi State Univ Tbilisi Georgia|Univ Tehran Cent Lab Bioarchaeol Lab Archaeozool Sect Tehran Iran|Lomonosov Moscow State Univ Res Inst Moscow Russia|Lomonosov Moscow State Univ Museum Anthropol Moscow Russia;

    Univ Milan Dipartimento Beni Culturali & Ambientali Milan Italy;

    Univ Milan Dipartimento Beni Culturali & Ambientali Milan Italy;

    Univ Milan Dipartimento Beni Culturali & Ambientali Milan Italy;

    Univ Milan Dipartimento Beni Culturali & Ambientali Milan Italy;

    Archeobot AASPE Archeozool Museum Natl Hist Nat CNRS CP 56 Paris France;

    Archeobot AASPE Archeozool Museum Natl Hist Nat CNRS CP 56 Paris France;

    Univ Tehran Cent Lab Bioarchaeol Lab Archaeozool Sect Tehran Iran;

    Archeobot AASPE Archeozool Museum Natl Hist Nat CNRS CP 56 Paris France|Univ Tehran Cent Lab Bioarchaeol Lab Archaeozool Sect Tehran Iran;

    Lomonosov Moscow State Univ Res Inst Moscow Russia|Lomonosov Moscow State Univ Museum Anthropol Moscow Russia;

    Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol Dept Archaeogenet Leipzig Germany|Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Inst Pre & Protohist Archaeol & Archaeol Roman Pr Munich Germany;

    Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist Dept Archaeogenet Jena Germany|Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol Dept Archaeogenet Leipzig Germany;

    Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist Dept Archaeogenet Jena Germany|Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol Dept Archaeogenet Leipzig Germany|Univ Adelaide Sch Biol Sci Adelaide SA Australia;

    Univ Autonoma Madrid Dept Biol Madrid Spain;

    German Archaeol Inst Eurasia Dept Berlin Germany;

    Univ Potsdam Fac Math & Sci Evolutionary Adapt Genom Inst Biochem & Biol Potsdam Germany;

    Leibniz Inst Zoo & Wildlife Res Dept Evolutionary Genet Berlin Germany|Humboldt Univ Fac Life Sci Albrecht Daniel Thaer Inst Berlin Germany;

    RAS Inst Mol & Cellular Biol SB Dept Divers & Evolut Genomes Novosibirsk Russia;

    Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen ArchaeoBioCtr Munich Germany|Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Inst Palaeoanat Domesticat Res & Hist Vet Med Munich Germany|State Collect Anthropol & Palaeoanat SNSB Munich Germany;

    Ulaanbaatar State Univ Dept Archaeol Ulaanbaatar Mongolia;

    Russian Acad Sci IHMC RAS Inst Hist Mat Culture St Petersburg Russia;

    RAS ArchaeoZOOl Siberia & Cent Asia ZooSCAn Int Res L Inst Archeol & Ethnog Siberian Branch Novosibirsk Russia;

    Altai State Univ Dept Archaeol Ethnog & Museol Barnaul Russia;

    State Hermitage Museum Dept Eastern European & Siberian Archaeol St Petersburg Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci Ural Branch Inst Plant & Anim Ecol Paleoecol Lab Ekaterinburg Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci Inst Zool St Petersburg Russia;

    Vilnius Univ Hist Fac Dept Archaeol Vilnius Lithuania;

    Russian Acad Sci Inst Zool St Petersburg Russia;

    Vilnius Univ Hist Fac Dept Archaeol Vilnius Lithuania;

    Kostanay State Univ Fac Hist & Law Lab Archaeol Res Kostanay Kazakhstan;

    Kostanay State Univ Fac Hist & Law Lab Archaeol Res Kostanay Kazakhstan;

    Surgut Govt Univ Dept Hist & Archaeol Surgut Russia;

    Surgut Govt Univ Dept Hist & Archaeol Surgut Russia;

    Buketov Karaganda Univ Saryarka Archaeol Inst Karaganda Kazakhstan;

    Buketov Karaganda Univ Saryarka Archaeol Inst Karaganda Kazakhstan;

    Toraighyrov Univ Joint Res Ctr Archeol Studies Pavlodar Kazakhstan;

    Toraighyrov Univ Joint Res Ctr Archeol Studies Pavlodar Kazakhstan;

    LN Gumilev Eurasian Natl Univ Fac Hist Nur Sultan Kazakhstan;

    Buketov Karaganda Univ Saryarka Archaeol Inst Karaganda Kazakhstan;

    Buketov Karaganda Univ Saryarka Archaeol Inst Karaganda Kazakhstan;

    Al Farabi Kazakh Natl Univ Inst Archaeol & Steppe Civilizat Alma Ata Kazakhstan;

    Univ N Carolina Dept Anthropol Alumni Bldg Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA;

    Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit Stavropol Russia;

    Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit Stavropol Russia;

    German Archaeol Inst Eurasia Dept Berlin Germany;

    German Archaeol Inst Eurasia Dept Berlin Germany;

    Res Ctr Preservat Cultural Heritage Saratov Russia;

    Samara State Univ Social Sci & Educ Dept Russian Hist & Archaeol Samara Russia;

    South Ural State Univ Russian & Foreign Hist Dept Chelyabinsk Russia|Russian Acad Sci Ural Branch Inst Hist & Archaeol South Ural Dept Ekaterinburg Russia;

    Chuvash State Inst Humanities Archaeol Sch Cheboksary Russia;

    Samara State Univ Social Sci & Educ Dept Russian Hist & Archaeol Samara Russia;

    Russian Acad Sci Ural Branch Inst Plant & Anim Ecol Paleoecol Lab Ekaterinburg Russia|Ural Fed Univ Inst Humanities Dept Hist Ekaterinburg Russia;

    Samara State Univ Social Sci & Educ Dept Russian Hist & Archaeol Samara Russia;

    Harvard Univ Dept Human Evolutionary Biol Cambridge MA 02138 USA|Hartwick Coll Anthropol Fac Oneonta NY 13820 USA;

    Univ Copenhagen Dept Nord Studies & Linguist Copenhagen Denmark|Leiden Univ Ctr Linguist Leiden Netherlands;

    Univ Gothenburg Dept Hist Studies Gothenburg Sweden|Lundbeck Fdn GeoGenet Ctr Copenhagen Denmark;

    Univ Paris Saclay Univ Evry Inst Biol Francois Jacob CNRS CEA Genoscope Genom Metabol Evry France;

    Univ Exeter Dept Archaeol Exeter Devon England;

    Univ Paul Sabatier Ctr Anthropobiol & Genom Toulouse Toulouse France;

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